DIVERSITY OF LIFE
DESCRIPTION OF THE KINGDOM ALVEOLATAE (CAVALIER-SMITH 1993)
This is a taxonomy of the Kingdom Alveolatae. The following taxonomy reflects biases of those who study the different phyla. By and large, the dinoflagellates have been studied in the tradition of botany and the Apicomplexans and Ciliata have been studied in the tradition of parasitology and protozoology, respectively.
SUBPHYLUM DINOPHYTINA
CLASS DINOPHYCEAE
ORDER GYMNODINIALES
Gymnodinium, Amphidinium, Cochlodinium, Gyrodinium, Katodinium, Torodinium, Woloszynskia, Polykrikos, Erythropsodinium, Nematodinium, Actiniscus.
ORDER PTYCHODISCALES
Ptychodiscus, Karenia
ORDER SUESSIALES
Symbiodinium, Endodinium, Zooxanthella.
ORDER GONYAUCALES
Cladopyxis, Micracanthodinium, Amphidoma, Palaeophalacroma, Gonyaulax, Amylax, Protoceratium, Peridinella, Ceratocorys, Ceratium, Triadinium (=Goniodoma), Helgolandinium, Alexandrium, Pyrophacus, Pyrodinium, Pyrocystis, Thecadinium, Heterodinium, Crypthecodinium.
ORDER PERIDINIALES
Heterocapsa, Peridinium, Scrippsiella, Pentapharsodinium, Protoperidinium, Diplosalis, Oblea, Diplopsalopsis, Podolampas, Blepharocysta, Oxytoxum, Amphidiniopsis.
ORDER DINOPHYSIALES
Dinophysis, Amphisolenia, Histoneis, Tripsolenia, Ornithocercus.
ORDER PROROCENTRALES
Prorocentrum, Mesoporos.
ORDER PHYTODINIALES
Dinothrix, Stylodinium, Hemidinium (= Gloeodinium in nonmotile stage), Cystodinium, Cystodinedria, Tetradinium, Raciborskia.
ORDER BLASTODINES
Blastodinium, Amyloodinium, Crepidoodinium, Pfiesteria, Dissodinium, Actinodinium, Apodinium, Chyryodinium, Haplozoon, Oodinium, Parapodinium, Protoodinium, Cystodinedria.
CLASS NOCTILUCIPHYCEAE
ORDER NOCTILUCALES
Noctiluca, Leptodiscus, Kofoidinium..
CLASS SYNDINIOPHYCEAE
ORDER SYNDINIALES.
Syndinium, Amoebophrya, Duboscquella, Oxyrris, Coccidinium, Merodinium.
SUBPHYLUM OXYRRHIPHYTINA
Oxyrrhis.
SUBPHYLUM PERKINSIPHYTINA
Perkinsus, Parvilucifera.
SUBPHYLUM POSTCILIODESMATOPHORA
CLASS KARYORELICTEA
ORDER PROTOSTOMATIDA
Kentrophoros, Trachelophoros, Prototrachelocerca, Tracheloraphis, Trachelonema, Tracelocerca.
ORDER LOXODIDA
Loxodes, Remanella, Cryptopharynx, Apocryptopharynx.
ORDER PROTOHETEROTRICHIDA
Avelia, Geleia.
CLASS HETEROTRICHEA
ORDER LICNOPHORIDA
Licnophora
ORDER HETEROTRICHIDA
Magnifolliculina, Folliculina, Parafolliculina, Metafolliculina, Pebrilla, Peritromus, Stentor, Parablepharisma, Anigsteinia, Blepharisma, Pseudoblepharisma, Sprostomum, Gruberia, Condylostoma, Condylostomides, Linostoma, Fabrea, Climacostomum, Copemetopus.
SUBPHYLUM INTRAMACRONUCLEATA
CLASS SPIROTRICHEA
SUBCLASS PROTOCRUZIIDA
ORDER PROTOCRUZIIDA
Protocruzia.
SUBCLASS HYPOTRICHIA
ORDER EUPLOTIDA
Psammocephalus, Marginotricha, Prodiscocephalus, Discocephalus, Paradiophrys, Uronychia, Diophryopsis, Diophrys, Euplotapsis, Certesia, Gastrocirrhus, Euplotidium, Cytharoides, Euplotes.
SUBCLASS CHOREOTRICHIA
ORDER TINTINNIDA
Usually sessile; attached by aboral process to lorica.
Tintinnidium, Tintinnopsis, Poroecus, Codonella, Codonaria, Stenosemella, Codonellopsis, Laackmanniella, Coxiella, Nolaclusilis, Climacocylis, Coxiella, Helicostomella, Metacylis, Acanthostomella, Ascampbelliella, Epiplocylis, Ptychocylis, Rhabdonella, Rhabdonellopsis, Petalotricha, Cyttarocylis, Xystonella, Cymatocylis, Favella, Parafavella, Parundella, proplectella, Undella, Tintinnus, Eutintinnus, Amphorellopsis, Salpingacantha, Salpingella, Amphorides, Steenstrupiella.
ORDER CHOREOTRICHIDA
Strombilidium, Strombidiniopsis, Leegaardiella, Lohmanniella.
SUBCLASS STICHOTRICHIA
ORDER PLAGIOTOMIDA
Plagiotoma
ORDER UROSTYLIDA
Notocephalus, Eschaneustyla, Birojima, Urostyla, Australothrix, Paruroleptus, Parabakuella, Bakuella, Holosticha, Territricha, Pseudourostyla, Keronella, Tricoronella, Bicoronella, Pseudokeronopsis.
ORDER STICHOTRICHIDA
Chaetospira, Stichotricha, Hypotrichidium, Atractos, Spiretella, Mucotrichidium, Strongylidium, Urostrongylum, Psilotricha, Kerona, Keronopsis, Paraholosticha, Pseudouroleptus, Gastrostyla, Hemiamphisiella, Paramphisiella, Amphisiellides, Paragastrostyla, Orthoamphisiella, Periholosticha, Uroleptoides, Amphisiella, Neogeneia, Pseudokahliella, Kahliella, Trachelochaeta, Wallackia, Paraurostyla, Parakahliella, Cladotricha, Parentocirrus, Engelmanniella, Deviata.
ORDER SPORADOTRICHIDA
Terricirra, Hemisincirra, Trachelostyla, Lamtostyla, Gonostomum, Ancystropodium, Pleurotricha, Histriculus, Parastylonychia, Tachysoma, Laurentiella, Onychodromus, Coniculostomum, Onychodromopsis, Cyrtohymena, Pseudostrombidium, Sterkiella, Notohymena, Steinia, Australocirrus, Stylonychia, Urosoma, Urosomoida, Oxytricha.
SUBCLASS OLIGOTRICHIA
ORDER HALTERIIDA
Meseres, Halteria, Pelagohalteria.
ORDER STROMBIDIIDA
Tontonia, Laboea, Cyrtostrombidium, Strombidium.
ORDER ARMOPHORIDA
Bothrostoma, Palmarella, Tesnospira, Brachonella, Eometopus, Metopus, Parametopsis, Cirranter, Caenomorpha, Ludio.
ORDER ODONTOSTOMATIDA
Mylestoma, Discomorphella, Atopodinium, Epalxella, Saprodinium.
ORDER CLEVELANDELLIDA
Clevelandella, Pronyctotherus, Nyctotherus, Nyctositum, Pygmotheroides, Nyctotheroides, Metanyctotherus, Paracichlidotherus, Cichlidotherus, Prosicuophora, Metasicuophora, Parasicuophora, Sicuophora.
ORDER PHACODINIIDA
Phacodinium
CLASS LITOSTOMATEA
SUBCLASS HAPTORIA
ORDER CYCLOTRICHIDA
Myrionecta, Mesodinium, Rhabdoaskinasia, Askenasia, Pelagovasicola.
ORDER HAPTORIDA
Paraenchelys, Pseudoholophrya, Ovalorhabdos, Didinium, Monodidinium, Cyclotrichium, Pseudotrachelocerca, Actinobolina, Paradileptus, Trachelius, Dileptus, Helicoporodon, Pleuroplites, Phialina, Lacrymaria, Homalozoon, Papillorhabdos, Enchelys, Enchelydium, Fuscheria, Acropisthium, Bryophyllum, Perispira, Myriokaryon, Cranotheridium, Protospathidium, Spathidium, Supraspathidium, Arcuospathidium, Epispathidium, Lepidotrachelophyllum, Foissnerides, Chaenea, Acaryophyra, Enchelyodon, Lagynophrya, Trachelophyllum.
ORDER PLEUROSTOMATIDA
Opisthodon, Amphileptus, Pseudoamphileptus, Loxophyllum, Siroloxophyllum, Litonotus, Acineria.
SUBCLASS TRICHOSTOMATIA
ORDER VESTIBULIFERIDA
Paraisotricha, Dasytricha, Isotricha, Balantidium, Vestibulongum.
ORDER ENTODINIOMORPHIDA
Wolskana, Polymorphella, Didesmis, Alloiozona, Circodinium, Raabena, Blepharocorys, Ochoterenaia, Ophryoscolex, Eudiplodinium, Ostracodinium, Endoplastron, Cycloposthium, Triplumaria, Prototapirella, Cochliatoxum, Troglodytella
CLASS PHYLLOPHARYNGEA
SUBCLASS PHYLLOPHARYNGIA
ORDER CHLAMYDODONTIDA
Gymnozoum, Chitonella, Gaustronauta, Chlamydodon, Cyrtophoron, Thigmogaster, Trithigmostoma, Phascolodon, Chilodonatella, Chilodonella, Pseudochilodonopsis, Chlamydonellopsis, Coeloperix, Atopochilodon, Lynchella, Chlamydonella.
ORDER DYSTERIIDA
Karoikeus, Pithites, Atelepithites, Trochochilodon, Plesiotrichopus, Aegyriana, Trochopodiella, Microxysma, Brooklynella, Orthotrochilia, Trochilioides, Hartmannula, Hartmannulopsis, Microdysteria, Dysteria, Trochilia.
SUBCLASS RHYNCHODIA
ORDER HYPOCOMATIDA
Crateristoma, Parahypocoma, Hypocoma.
ORDER RHYNCHODIDA
Sphenophrya, Stegotricha, Ancistrocoma, Insignicoma, Hypocomides, Crebricoma, Raabella, Hypocomatidium, Colligocineta, Hypocomella, Ignotocoma.
SUBCLASS CHONOTRICHIA
ORDER CRYPTOGEMMIDA
Actinochona, Cristichona, Rhizochona, Carinichona, Isochonopsis, Isochona, Trichochona, Pleochona, Inversochona, Chonosaurus, Ceratochona, Kentrochona, Spinichona, Dentichona, Oxychonina, Eriochona, Stylochona, Armichona, Flectichona, Coronochona, Echinochona, Eurychona.
ORDER EXOGEMMIIDA
Phyllochona, Chilodochona, Vasichona, Spirochona, Cavichona, Serpentichona, Filichona, Aurichona, Heliochona, Heterochona, Toxochona, Oenophoracona, Physochona, Lobochona.
SUBCLASS SUCTORIA
ORDER EXOGENIDA
Phalacrocleptes, Stylostoma, Trophogemma, Dendrosomides, Loricodendron, Ophryodendron, Spelaeophrya, Ephelota, Parapodophrya, Mucophrya, Manuelophrya, Gajewskajophrya, Sphaerophrya, Kystopus, Podophrya, Tachyblaston, Metacineta, Thecacineta, Paracineta, Urnula, Corynophrya, Ophryodendron.
ORDER ENDOGENIDA
Dendrosoma, Lernaeophrya, Trichophrya, Platophrya, Heliophrya, Enchelyomorpha, Endosphaera, Trypanococcus, Pseudogemma, Acinetopsis, Solenophrya, Acineta, Pseudocorynophrya, Loricophrya, Erastophrya, Rhyncheta, Choanophrya, Tokophrya, Staurophrya, Allantosoma, Dendrosoma, Dendromectes.
ORDER EVAGINOGENIDA
Cyathdinium, Stylocometes, Cometodendron, Dendrocometides, Dendrocometes, Dactylosoma, Rhynchophrya, Cyclophrya, Prodiscophrya, Discophrya, Periacineta.
CLASS NASSOPHOREA
ORDER SYNHYMENIIDA
Phasmatopsis, Nassulopsis, Orthodonella, Zosterodasys.
ORDER NASSULIDA
Obertrumia, Naxella, Rhinakis, Nassula, Furgasonia, Parafurgasonia, Paranassula, Enneameron, Pedohymena, Colpodium.
ORDER MICROTHORACIDA
Colpodidium, Discotricha, Trochiliopsis, Stammeridium, Microthorax, Drepanomonas, Leptopharynx, Pseudomicrothorax.
CLASS COLPODEA
ORDER BRYOPHRYIDA
Parabryophrya, Bryophrya, Puytoraciella.
ORDER COLPODIDA
Grossglockneria, Pseudoplatyophyra, Ilsiella, Maryna, Bresslaua, Krassnigga, Colpoda, Kalometopia, Hausmanniella.
ORDER CYRTOLOPHOSIDIDA
Cyrtolophosis, Sagittaria, Woodruffia, Rostrophrya, Kuklikophrya, Reticulowooruffia, Cirrophrya, Platyophrya.
ORDER BURSARIOMORPHIDA
Bursaria, Bursaridium, Paraconylostoma.
ORDER SOROGENIDA
Sorogena.
ORDER BRYOMETOPIDA
Jaroschia, Pentahymena, Trihymena, Thylakidium, Bryometopus, Kreyella, Orthokreyella.
CLASS PROSTOMATEA
ORDER PROSTOMATIDA
Apsiktrata, Metacystis, Pelatractus, Vasicola.
ORDER PRORODONTIDA
Plagiocampa, Malacophrys, Balanion, Dissothigma, Urotricha, Rhagadostoma, Placus, Spathidiopsis, Tiarina, Plagiopogon, Macrocoleps, Planicoleps, Lagynus, Prorodon, Pleurofragma, Holophrya, Bursellopsis.
CLASS PLAGIOPYLEA
ORDER PLAGIOPLYIDA
Trimyema, Sonderia, Parasondaria, Plagiopyla, Lechriopyla, Pseudoplagiopyla.
CLASS OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA
SUBCLASS PENICULA
ORDER PENICULIDA
Lembadion, Marituja, Stokesia, Clathrostoma, Disematostoma, Wenrichia, Didieria, Frontonia, Paraclathrostoma, Urocentrum, Neobursaridium, Paramecium.
SUBCLASS SCUTICOCILATIA
ORDER PHILASTERIDA
Thigmophrya, Urozona, Cinetochilum, Sphenostomella, Cardiostomatella, Paraloxocephalus, Loxocephalus, Paradexiotricha, Paratetrahymena, Dexiotricha, Pseudocohnilembus, Uronema, Uropedalium, Urocyclon, Homalogastra, Entorhipidium, Entodiscus, Biggaria, Cohnilembus, Philaster, Philasterides, Paraphilaster, Plagiopyliella, Thyrophylax, Cryptolembus, Ovolembus, Mesolembus, Paralembus, Mugardia, Anophryoides, Mesanophrys, Metanophrys, Paranophrys, Orchitophrya, Glauconema, Miamiensis, Potomacus.
ORDER PLEURONEMATIDA
Calyptotricha, Composomella, Hippocomos, Ctedoctema, Paractedoctema, Histiobalantium, Peniculistoma, Echinosociella, Schizocalyptra, Pleurocoptes, Pleuronema, Dragescoa, Cristigera, Pseudocyclidium, Echinocyclidium, Cyclidium, Paurotricha, Paracyclidium, Isocyclidium, Conchophthirus, Thigmacoma.
ORDER THIGMOTRICHIDA
Ancistrumina, Protophrya, Hemispeira, Plagiospira, Proboveria, Boveria, Kozloffia, Raabellocineta, Histerocineta, Ptychostomum, Paraptychostomum.
SUBCLASS HYMENOSTOMATIA
ORDER HYMENOSTOMATIDA
Curimostoma, Spirozona, Stegochilum, Tetrahymena, Lambornella, Deltopylum, Colpidium, Turaniella, Glaucomella, Glaucoma, Jaocorlissia, Espejoia, Bursostoma.
Ichthyophthirius, Ophryoglena.
SUBCLASS APOSTOMATIA
ORDER PILISUCTORIDA
Coniodophrys, Askoella.
ORDER ASTOMATOPHORIDA
Chromidina.
ORDER APOSTOMATIDA
Collinia, Spirophrya, Phtorophrya, Phoretophrya, Hyalophysa, Gymnodiniodes.
SUBCLASS PERITRICHIA
ORDER MOBILIA
Pallitrichodina, Trichodina, Vauchomia, Urceolaria, Leiotrocha, Polycycla, Trichodinopsis.
ORDER SESSILIDA
Termitophyra, Astylozoon, Opisthonecta, Telotrochidium, Ophrydium, Platycola, Pyxicola, Cothurnia, Thuricola, Vaginocola, Ellobiophrya, Operculigera, Paragenophrys, Clistolagenophrys, Setonophrys, Lagenophrys, Stylohedra, Usconophrys, Rovinjella, Vorticella, Charchesium, Ruthiella, Intranstylum, Zoothamnium, Bededniella, Opercularia, Orbopercularia, Propyxidium, Ampullaster, Scyphidia, Apiosoma, Nidula, Campanella, Heteropolaria, Epistylis.
SUBCLASS ASTOMATIA
ORDER ASTOMATIA
Njinella, Almophrya, Anoplophrya, Steinella, Cepedietta, Haptophrya, Haptophryopsis, Clausicola, Maupasella, Intrshellina, Contophrya, Dicontophrya, Acanthodiophrya, Mrazekiella, Helella, Anthonyella, Radiophrya, Metaracoelophrya, Metaraiophrya, Hoplitophrya, Delphyella, Buetschliellopsis, Juxtaradiophrya, Radiophryoides, Kofoidella, Herpetophrya, Butschliella, Steinella, Sieboldiella, Mesnilella, Opalinopsis, Chromidina.
SUBPHYLUM CHROMERIDA
Chomera, Vitrella
SUBPHYLUM COLPODELLIDA
Colpodella
SUBPHYLUM CONOIDASIDA
CLASS GREGARINIDA
SUBCLASS CRYPTOSPORASINA
Cryptosporidium
SUBCLASS GREGARINASINA
ORDER ARCHIGREGARINORIDA
Selenioides, Meroselenidium, Merogregarina, Exoschizon.
ORDER EUGREGARINORIDA
Gregarina, Gymnospora, Triseptata, Gamocystis, Anisolobus, Anisoloboides, Garnhamia, Torogregarina, Faucispora, Spinispora, Bolivia, Cirrigregarina, Molluskocystis, Metamera, Siedleckia, Metamera, Didymophys, Hirmocystis, Stenophora, Leidyana, Monoductus, Sphaerocystis, Dactylophorus, Stylocephalus, Actinocephalus, Acanthospora, Menospora, Porospora, Nematopsis, Pachyporospora, Cephaloidophora, Caridohabitans, Rotundula, Cephalobus, Uradiophora, Heliospora, Pyxinoides, Nematoides, Bifilida, Selenidium, Selenocystis, Ditrypanocystis, Heterospora, Digyalum, Cygnicollum, Lecudina, Loxomorpha Polyrhabdina, Ulivina, Sycia, Pontesia, Bhatiella, Viviera, Cochleomeritus, Ancora, Hentschelia, Lecythion, Hyperdion, Zygosoma, Filipodium, Diplauxis, Chlamydocystis, Contoriocorpa, Lankesteria, Monocystella, Ascogregarina, Kofoidina, Ophiodina, Paraophioidina, Lateropromeritus, Extremocystis, Urospora, Ceratospora, Gonospora, Lithocystis, Ceratospora, Pterospora, Paragonospora, Aikinetocystis, Nellocystis, Monocystis, Nematocystis, Rhabdocystis, Apolocystis, Cephalocystis, Trigonepimerus, Mastocystis, Zygocystis, Adelphocystis, Pleurocystis, Rhynchocystis, Dirhynchocystis, Grayallia, Stomatophora, Craterocystis, Astrocystella, Albertisella, Beccaricystis, Parachoanocystoides, Choanocystoides, Zeylanocystis, Arborocystis, Chakravartiella, Oligochaetocystis, Echiurocystis, Neomonocystis, Acarogregarina, Diplocystis, Allanocystis, Schaudinnella, Enterocystis, Ganymedes.
ORDER NEOGREGARINORIDA
Gigaductus, Caulleryella, Tipulocystis, Machadoella, Lymphtropha, Mattesia, Menzbieria, Farinocystis, Schizocystis, Ophryocystis, Syncystis, Lipotropha.
CLASS COCCIDIDA
ORDER AGAMOCOCCIDIORIDA
Rhytidocystis, Gemmocystis.
ORDER IXORHEORIDA
Ixorheis.
ORDER PROTOCOCCIDIORIDA
Eleutheroschizon, Mackinnonia, Myriosporides, Myriospora, Angeiocystis, Coelotropha, Grellia.
ORDER EUCOCCIDIORIDA
Adelea, Adelina, Klossia, Chagasella, Ithania, Rasajeyna, Ganapatiella, Gibbsia, Legerella, Klossiella, Heptazoon, Haemogregarina, Cyrilia, Desseria, Karyolysus, Hemolivia, Dactylosoma, Babesiosoma.
Spirocystis, Selococcidium, Aggregata, Merocystis, Selysina, Cryptosporidium, Lankesterella, Schellackia, Diaspora, Dorisiella, Caryotropha, Tyzzeria, Pfeiffinella, Matonella, Caryospora, Cyclospora, Dorisa, Isospora, Eimeria, Wenyonella, Barrouxia, Ovivora, Pseudoklossia, Grasseella, Gousseffia, Hoarella, Octosporella, Polysporella, Pythonella, Sivatoshella, Skrjabinella, Calyptospora, Sarcocystis, Frenkelia, Besnoitia, Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Elleipsisoma.
CLASS ACONOIDASIDA (?)
ORDER HAEMOSPORORIDA
Plasmodium, Nycteria, Polychromophilus, Dionisia, Mesnilium, Hepatocystis, Rayella, Haemoproteus, Staurocytozoon.
ORDER PIROPLASMORIDA.
Babesia, Anthemosoma, Echinozoon, Theileria, Haemohormidium, Sauroplasma, Dactylosoma, Cristalloidophora.
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By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 02/21/2012