SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY

RETURN TO THE EUEXCAVATAE
DISCICTISTAE
EUKARYOMONADAE
HETEROKONTAE
ALVEOLATAE
CERCOZOAE
RHODOPHYTAE
AMOEBOZOAE

HOME

SYLLABUS

WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS

J. SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY

TAXA OF LIFE

REFERENCES FOR THE EUKARYOTIC PROTIST KINGDOMS

Search for these on the SU Library web page: http://www.susqu.edu/library/

Search for the journal articles at http://www.susqu.edu/library/periodicals/

Aescht, E. 1994, Die Erforschung der Urtiere (Protozoen) in Österreich: Katalog des OÖ Landesmuseums N.F. 71 7–79.

Alexopoulos, C.J. and C.W. Mims. 1979. Introductory Mycology.  3rd  ed.  John Wiley and Sons. New York.

Alexopoulos, C. J., C. W. Mims, and M. Blackwell. 1996, Introductory Mycology: 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Alimov, A. F. editor. 2000. Protista. Handbook on Zoology, Part 1: Nauka, St. Petersburg. p. 1–680. (in Russian).

Andersen, R.A. 1991. The Cytoskeleton of Chromophyte Algae. Protoplasma. 164: 143-159.

Andersen, R. A. 1992, Diversity of eukaryotic algae: Biodiv. Conserv. 1 267–292. Find this article on other systems

Andersen, R. A. 1996, Algae: In: Maintaining Cultures for Biotechnology and Industry. Academic Press, New York. p. 29–64.

Andersen, R. A. 1998, What to do with protists?: Austral. Syst. Bot. 11 185–201. Find this article on other systems

Andersen, R. A. 2003, A historical review of heterokont phylogeny: Phycol. Res. 51 (): (in press).

Andersen, R. A. 2004, A protistologist looks at species concepts: (unpubl. address of past-president at ISEP meetings in Czech Republic, August 2000).

Andersen, R. A., S. L. Morton, and J. P. Sexton. 1997, Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton: 1997 list of strains: J. Phycol. 33 (Suppl.). 1–75. Find this article on other systems

Andersen, R. A., S. Blackburn, F. J. R. Taylor, and C. Tomas. 1997, Algal culture collections and toxic algal strains: In: Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M. & Cembella, A. D. (ed.), Manual on Harmful Marine Phytoplankton. UNESCO-IOC, New York.

Andersen, R. A., G. W. Saunders, M. P. Paskind, and J. P. Sexton. 1993, Ultrastructure and 18S rRNA gene sequence for Pelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov. and the description of a new algal class, the Pelagophyceae classis nov: J. Phycol. 29 701–715. Find this article on other systems

Anderson, O. R. 2002, Laboratory and field-based studies of abundances, small-scale patchiness, and diversity of gymnamoebae in soils of varying porosity and organic content: evidence of microbiocoenoses: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 17–23. Find this article on other systems

Anderson, O. R. 2003, A model of biocomplexity and its application to the analysis of some terrestrial and marsh eukaryotic microbial communities with an emphasis on amoeboid protists: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 86–91. 

Archibald, J.M. and P.J. Keeling. 2002. Recycled Plastids: A Green Movement in Eukaryotic Evolution. Trends in Genetics. 18:577-584.

Archibald, J.M., D. Longet, J. Palowski, and P.J. Keeling. 2002. A Novel Plolyubiquitin Structure in Cercozoa and Foraminifera: Evidence for a New Eukaryotic Supergroup. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20:62-66.

Archibald, J.M., M.B. Rogers, M. Toop, K. Ishida, and P.J. Keeling. 2003. Lateral Gene Transfer and the Evolution of Plastid-Targeted Proteins in the Secondary Plastid-Containing Alga, Bigelowiella natans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 100: 7678-7683.

Asai, D., and D. E. Wilkes. 2004, The dynein heavy chain family: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51 23–29. 

Ashford, R. W., and W. Crewe. 1998, The Parasites of Homo sapiens: an Annotated Checklist of the Protozoa, Helminths and Arthropods for Which We Are Home: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

Bachvaroff, T.R., G.T. Concepcion, C.R. Rodgers, E.H. Herman, and C.F. Delwiche. 2004. Dinoflagellate Expressed Sequence Tags Data Indicate Massive Transfer of Chloroplast Genes to the Nuclear Genome. Protist. 155: 65-78.

Baker, J. R. 1969, Parasitic Protozoa: Hutchinson & Co., London.

Baldauf, S.L. 1999. A Search for the Origins of Animals and Fungi: Comparing and Combining Molecular Data. American Naturalist. 154: S178-S188.

Baldauf, S.L. 2003. The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes. Science. 300 (5626): 1701-1703.

Baldauf, S.L., A.J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, and W.F. Doolittle. 2000. A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data. Science. 290: 972-977.

Baldauf, S. L., A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, and W. F. Doolittle. 2000, A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data: Science. 290 972–977. 

Baldauk, S. L. 2003, The deep roots of eukaryotes: Science. 300 1703–1706. 

Barnes, R. S. K. editor. 1998. The Diversity of Living Organisms: Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford.

Barr, D.J.S. 1990. Chytridiomycota. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman,  eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; The Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and  Bartlett Publishers. Boston . pp. 454-466.

Barr, D.J.S. and N.L. Desaulniers. 1989. The Flagellar Apparatus of the Oomycetes and Hyphochytridiomycetes. In:  Green, J.C., B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver,  eds. The Chromophyte Algae;  Problems and Perspectives.  Systematics  Association  Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press.  Oxford. pp. 343-355

Beakes, G.W. 1989. Oomycete Fungi: Their Phylogeny and Relationship to Chromophyte Algae. In: Green, J.C., B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. Systematics  Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 325-342.

Beaumont, W. 1833, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion: (personally published).

Ben, Ali, A., R. De Baere, R. De Wachter, and Y. Van de Peer. 2002, Evolutionary relationships among heterokont algae (the autotrophic stramenopiles) based on combined analyses of small and large subunit ribosomal RNA: Protist. 153 123–132. 

Ben Ali, A., R. De Baere, G. Van der Auwera, R. De Wachter, and Y. Van de Peer. 2001, Phylogenetic relationships among algae based on complete large-subunit rRNA sequences: Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 737–749. 

Bernard, C., and T. Fenchel. 1995, Mats of colourless sulphur bacteria. II. Structure, composition of biota and successional patterns: Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 128 171–179. 

Bernard, C., A. G. B. Simpson, and D. J. Patterson. 2000, Some free-living flagellates (Protista) from anoxic habitats: Ophelia. 52 113–42. 

Bhattacharya, D.T., T. Helmchen, C. Bibeau, and M. Melkonian. 1995. Comparison of Nuclear-Encoded Small Subunit Ribosomal RNAs Reveal the Evolutionary Position of the Glaucocystophyta. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12: 415-420.

Bhattacharya, D.T., T. Helmchen, and M. Melkonian. 1995. Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of Nuclear-Encoded Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Identify an Independent Rhizopod Lineage Containing the Euglyphidae and the Chlorarachniophyta.  Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 42: 64-68. 

Bhattacharya, D.T., and M. Melkonian. 1995. The Phylogeny of Plastids: A Review Based on Comparisons of Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Coding Regions. Journal of Phycology. 31: 489-498.

Bhattacharya, D.T., and H.A. Schmidt. 1997. Division Glaucocystophyta. IN: D. Bhattacharya, ed.  Origin of Algae and their Plastids. 139-148.

Bhattacharya, D.T., and K. Weber. 1997. The Actin Gene of the Glaucocystophyte Cyanophora paradoxa: Analysis of the Coding Region and Introns, and an Actin Phylogeny of Eukaryotes. Current Genetics. 31: 439-446.

Bhattacharya, D. editor. 1997. Origins of algae and their plastids: Springer-Verlag, New York.

Blanchard, J.L. and J.S. Hicks. 1999. The Non-Photosynthetic Plastid in Malarial Parasites and Other Apicomplexans is Derived From Outside the Green Plastid Lineage. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 46: 367-375. 

Blanton, R.L.  1990. Acrasea.  In: Margulis, L.,   J.O. Corliss,  M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 75-87.

Bock, W.,  W. Hay and J.J. Lee. 1985.  Order Foraminiferida.  In: Lee, J.J.,  S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds.  An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas . pp. 252-273.

Bold, H.C. and M.J. Wynne. 1985. Introduction to the Algae, Structure and Function.  2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood  Cliffs, N.J.

Bold, H.C., C.J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas. 1987. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. 5th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. New York.

Bovee, E.C. 1985a. Class Lobosea. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas . pp. 158-211.

Bovee, E.C. 1985b. Order Athalamida; Order Monothalamida. In:  Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas . pp. 246-252. 

Brugerolle, G., and J.P. Mignot. 1990. Retortamonadida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 259-265.

Brugerolle, G. and F.J.R. Taylor. 1977. Taxonomy, Cytology, and Evolution of the Mastigophora. IN: S.H. Hunter, ed. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Protozoology. 14-28. Pace University, New York.

Buck, K.R. 1990. Choanomastigotes (choanoflagellates).  In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and  Bartlett  Publishers.  Boston. pp. 194-199.

Burger, G., D. Saint-Louis, M.W. Gray, and B.F. Lang. 1999. Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA of the Red Alga Porphyra purpurea. Cyanobacterial Introns and Shared Ancestry of Red and Green Algae. Plant Cell. 11: 1675-1694.

Cachon, J. and M. Cachon. 1985. Superclass Actinopodea. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas . pp. 274-302.

Cachon, J., M. Cachon and K.W. Estep. 1990. Polycystina and Phaerodaria. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 334-346.

Cai, X., A.L. Fuller, L.R. McDougald, and G. Zhu. 2003. Apicoplast Genome of the Coccidian Eimeria tenella. Gene 321: 39-46.

Canning, E.U. 1990. Microspora. In:  Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 53-73.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine? BioSystems. 14: 461-481.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1982. The Origins of Plastids. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society. 17: 289-306.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1983. A Six-Kingdom Classification and a Unified Phylogeny. In: Schenk, H.E.A. and W.S. Schwemmler, eds. Endocytobiology II. de Gruyter, Berlin.  pp. 1027-1034.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1989. The Kingdom Chromista.  In: Green, J.C.,  B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press.  Oxford. pp. 381-407.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 Phyla. Microbiological Reviews. 57: 953-994.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1997. Amoeboflagellates and Mitochondrial Cristae in Eukaryote Evolution: Megasystematics of the New Protozoan Subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Archiv fur Protistenkunde. 147: 237-258.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A Revised Six-Kingdom System of Life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 73: 203-266.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1999. Principles of Protein and Lipid Targeting in Secondary Symbiogenesis: Euglenoid, Dinoflagellate, and Sporozoan Plastid Origins and the Eukaryote Family Tree. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 46: 347-366.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2000. Membrane Heredity and Early Chloroplast Evolution. Trends in Plant Science. 5: 174-182.

Cavalier-Smith, T. and E.E. Chao. 1996. 18S rRNA Sequence of Heterosigma carterae (Raphidiophyceae) and the Phylogeny of Heterokont Algae (Ochrophyta). Phycologia. 35: 500-510.

Cavalier-Smith, T. and E.E. Chao. 1997. Sarcomonad Ribosomal RNA Sequences, Rhizopod Phylogeny, and the Origin of Euglyphid Amoebae. Archiv fur Protistenkunde. 147: 227-236.

Cavalier-Smith, T. and E.E. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist. 154: 341-358.

Cavender, J.C. 1990.  Dictyostelida.  In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 88-101.

Clayton, M.N. 1990. Phaeophyta.  In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 698-714.

Corliss, J.O. 1979. The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification and Guide to the Literature. Pergamon Press. New York.

Corliss, J.O. 1990. Opalinta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 239-245.

Cushman, J.A. 1980. Foraminifera; Their Classification and Economic Use. 4th Edition. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass.

Dacks, J.B., A. Marinets, W. Ford Doolittle, T. Cavalier-Smith, and J.M. Logsdon, Jr. 2002. Analyses of RNA Polymerase II Genes From Free-Living Protists: Phylogeny, Long-Branch Attraction, and the Eukaryotic Big Bang. Molecular Biology and Evolution. pp. 19: 830-840.

Daugbjerg, N., and R.A. Andersen. 1997. Phylogenetic Analyses of the rbcL Sequences from Haptophytes and Heterokont Algae Suggest their Chloroplasts are Unrelated. Molecular Biology and Evolution. pp. 14: 1242-1251.

Deane, J., D.R.A. Hill, S. J. Brett, and G. I. McFadden. 1998. Hanusia phi gen. et sp. nov. (Crytophyceae): Characterization of Crytomonas sp. Phi'. European Journal of Phycology. pp. 33:149-154.

Delwiche, C. F., M. Kuhsel, and J.D. Palmer. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis to tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. pp. 4:110-128.

Dick, M.W. 1990. Oomycota. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 661-685.

Dixon, P.S. 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta.  In:  Heywood, V.H. University Reviews in Botany. Volume 4. Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh.

Dodge, J. D. 1969. Observations on the fine structure of the eyespot and associated organelles in dinoflagellate Glenodinium foliceum. Journal of Cell Science. pp. 5:479-493.

Dodge, J. D. 1971. A dinoflagellate with both mesokaryotic and a eukaryotic nucleus. I. Fine structure of the nuclei. Protoplasma. pp. 73:145-157.

Dodge, J.D. 1973. The Fine Structure of Algal Cells. Academic Press. New York .

Dodge, J.D. 1989. Phylogeny of Dinoflagellates and Their Plastids. In: Green, J.C.,  B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 207-227.

Dyer, B.D. 1990a. Amoebomastigota.  In: Margulis, L.,  J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 186-190.

Dyer, B.D. 1990b. Bicoecids. In: Margulis, L.,  J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 191-193.

Dyer, B.D. 1990c. Parabasalia. In: Margulis, L.,  J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 252-258.

Dylewski, D. 1990. Plasmodiophoromycota.  In: Margulis, L.,  J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 399-417

Fagan, T. J. W. Hastings, and D. Morse. 1998. The phylogeny of glycoeraldehyde-3-phosophate dehydrogenase indicates lateral gene transfer from cyptomonads to dinoflagellates. Journal of Molecular Evolution. pp. 47:633-639.

Fast, N. M., J. C. Kissinger, D. S. Roos, and P. J. Keeling. 2001. Nuclearencoded, plastid-targeted genes suggest a single common origin for anpicomplexan and dinoflagellates. Journal of Molecular Evolution. pp. 18:418-426. 

Febvre, J. 1990. Acantharia. In: Margulis, L.,  J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 363-379.

Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1985. Class Heliozoea. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E. C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 302-317.

Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1990. Heliozoa. In: Margulis, L.,  J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 347-362.

Fensome,R.A., F.J.R. Taylor, G. Norris, W.A.S. Sarjeant, D.I. Wharton, and G.L. Williams, eds. 1993. A Classification of Living and Fossil Dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology, Special Publication Number 7: 1-351.

Foth, B. J., and G. I. McFadden. 2003. The apicoplast: a plastid in Plasmodium flaciparum and other apicomplexan parasites. International Review of Cytology. pp. 224: 705-708.

Foth, B. J., S. A. Ralph, C. J. Tonkin, N. S. Struck, M. Farunholz. D. S. Roos, A. F. Cowman, and G. I. McFadden. 2003. Dissecting apicoplast target in the malaria parasite Plasmodium flaciparium. Science. pp. 705-708.

Floyd, G.L. and C.J. O’Kelly. 1990. Ulvophyceae. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 617-635.

Fraunholz, M. J., J. Wastl, S. Zauner, S. A. Rensising, M. M. Scherzinger, and U.-G. Maier. 1997. The evolution of cryotphytes. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement). pp. 11:163-174.

Frederick, L. 1990. Myxomycota. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 467-483.

Freshwater, D.W., S. Fredericq, B.S. Butler, M.H. Hommersand, and M.W. Chase. 1994. A Gene Phylogeny of the Red Algae (Rhodophyta) Based on Plastid rbcL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 7281-7285.

Fuller, M.S. 1990. Hyphochytridiomycota. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 380-387.

Funes, S., E. Davidson, A. Reyes-Prieto, S. Magallon, P. Herion, M.P. King, and D. Gonzalez-Halphen.  2002.  A green algal apicoplast ancestor.  Science 298: 2155.

Gabrielson, P.W., D.J. Garbary, M.R. Sommerfeld,  R.A. Townsend, and P.L. Tyler. 1990. Rhodophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 102-118.

Gajadhar, A.A., W.C. Marquardt, R. Hall, J. Gunderson, E.V.A. Carmona, and M.L. Sogin. 1991. Ribosomal RNA Sequences of Sarcocystis muris, Theileria annulata, and Crypthecodinium cohnii Reveal Evolutionary Relationships Among Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates, and Ciliates. Mol. and Biochem. Parasit. 45:147-154.

Garbary, D.J. and P.W. Gabrielson. 1990. Taxonomy and Evolution. In: Cole, K.M. and R.G. Sheath, eds. Biology of the Red Algae. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp. 477- 498.

Gardner, M.J., N. Goldman, P. Barnett, P.W. Moore, K. Rangachari, M. Strath, A. Whyte, D.H. Williamson, and R.J. Wilson.  1994.  Phylogenetic analysis of the rpoB gene from the plastind-like DNA of Plasmodium falciparum.  Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 66: 221-231.

Gardner, M.J., N. Hall, E. Fung, O. White, M. Berriman, R.W. Hyman, J.M. Carlton, A. Pain, K. E. Nelson, S. Bowman, I.T. Paulsen, K. James, J.A. Eisen, K. Rutherford, S.L. Salzberg, A. Craig, S. Kyes, M.S. Chan, V. Nene, S.J. Shallom, B. Suh, J. Peterson, S. Angiuoli, M. Martin, A.H. Fairlamb, M.J. Fraunholz, D.S. Roos, S.A. Ralph, G.I. McFadden, L.M. Cummings, G.M. Subramanian, C. Mungall, J.C. Venter, D.J. Carucci, S.L. Hoffman, C. Newbold, R.W. Davis, C.M. Fraser, and B. Barrel.  2002.  Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.  Nature 419: 498-511.

Gillott,  M. 1990.  Cryptophyta (cryptomonads). In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 139-151.

Graham, L. 1990. Charophyceae (Orders Chlorokybales, Klebsormidiales, Coleochaetales). In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 636-640.

Graham, L. and L.W. Wilcox. 2000. Algae. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Grant, M.C. 1990. Charophyceae  (Order Charales).  In:  Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 641-648.

Gray, M.W., and W.F. Doolittle.  1982.  Has the endosymbiont hypothesis been proven? Microbiological Reviews 46: 1-42.

Gray, M.W., B.F. Lang, R. Cedergren, G.B. Golding, C. Lemieux, D. Sankoff, M. Turmel, N. Brossard, E. Delage, T.G. Littlejohn, I. Plante, P. Rioux, D. Saint-Louis, Y. Zhu, and G. Burger. 1998. Genome Structure and Gene Content in Protist Mitochondrial DNAs. Nucleic Acids Research 26:865-878.

Green, B.R.  2004.  The chloroplast genome of dinoflagellates- a reduced instruction set?  Protist 155: 23-31.

Green, J.C.,  K. Perch-Nielsen, and P. Westbroek. 1990. Prymnesiophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 293-317.

Grell, K.G. 1973. Protozoology. Springer-Verlag. New York .

Gross, W., D. Lenze, U. Nowitzki, J. Weiske, and C. Schnarrenberger.  1999.  Characterization, cloning, and evolutionary history of the chloroplast and cytosolic class I aldolases of the red alga Galdieria sulphuraria.  Gene 230: 7-14.

Grzebyk, D., O. Schofield, C. Vetriani, and P.G. Falkowski.  2003.  The mesozoic radiation of eukaryotic algae: the portable plastid hypothesis.  Journal of Phycology 29: 259-267.

Hackett, J.D., L. Maranda, H.S. Yoon, and D. Bhattacharya.  2993.  Phylogenetic evidence for the cryptophyte orgin of the pastid of Dinophysis (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae).  Journal of Phycology 39: 440-448.  

Hallengraff, G.M., and I.A.N. Lucas.  1988.  The marine dionflagellate genus Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): photosynthetic, neritic and non-photosynthetic, oceanic species.  Phycologia 27: 25-42.

Hannaert, V., E. Saavedre, F. Duffieux, J-P. Szikora, D.J. Rigden, P. A.M. Michels, and F.R. Opperdoes.  2003.  Plant-like traits associated with metabolism of Trypanosoma parasites.  Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 1067-1071.

Harper, J.T., and P.J. Keeling.  2003.  Nucleus-encoded, plastid-targeted glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) indicates a single origin for chromalveolate plastids.  Molecular Biology and Evolution 20: 1730-1735.

Harper, J. T., and P. J. keeling. In press. On the monophyly of the chrom-alveolatcs using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.

Hasegawa, M., T. hashtmoto, J. adachi, N. iwabe, and T. miyata. 1993. Early branchings in the evolution of eukaryotes: ancient divergence of Entamoeba that lacks mitochondria revealed by protein sequence data. Journal of Molecular Evolution 36: 380-388.

helmchen, T. A., D. bhattacharya, and M. melkonian. 1995. Analyses of ribosomal RNA sequences from glaucocystophyte cyanelles provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships of plastids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41: 203-210.

Heywood, P. 1989. Some Affinities of the Raphidiophyceae With other Chromophyte Algae. In: Green, J.C., B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 279-293.

Heywood, P. 1990. Raphidiophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 318-325.

Hibberd, D.J. and G.F. Leedale. 1970. Eustigmatophyceae – a new algal class with unique organization of the motile cell. Nature 225: 759-760.

Hibberd, D.J. 1980. Prymnesiophytes (=haptophytes). In: Cox, E.R., ed. Phytoflagellates. Elsevier/ North-Holland. New York . Pp. 313-317.

Hibberd, D.J. 1990a. Xanthophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 686-697.

Hibberd, D.J. 1990b. Eustigmatophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 326-333.

Hoshaw, R.W., R.M. McCourt, and J.C. Wang. 1990. Conjugaphyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 119-133.

Hunter, S.H. 1985. Class Mycetozoa. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 214-227.

 

inagaki, Y., J. B. dacks, W. F. DooLnrLE, K. L watanabe, and T. oha-ma. 2000. Evolutionary relationship between dino flagellates bearing ob­ligate diatom endosymbionts: insight into tertiary endosymbiosis. Inter­national Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50: 2075-2081.

inagaki, Y., A. G. simpson, J. B. dacks, and A. J. roger. In press. Phy­logenetic artifacts can be caused by leucine, serine and argintne codon useage heterogeneity: dinoflagellate plastid origins as a case study. Sys­tematic Biology.

 

ishida, K., and B. R. green. 2002. Second- and third-hand chloroplasts in dinoflagellates: phylogeny of oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 (PsbO) protein reveals replacement of a nuclear-encoded plastid gene by that of a hap-tophyte tertiary endosymbiont. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 9294-9299.

 

Jarvis, P., and J. soll. 2001. Toe, Tic, and chloroplast protein import. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1541: 64-79.

 

Johnson, P. W, P. E. Hargraves, and  J. M. Sieburth1988. Ultrastructure and Ecology of Cafycomonas ovalis Wulff, 1919, (Chrysophyceae) and its Redescription as a Testate Rhizopod, Paulinetta ovalis n. comb. (Filosea: Eugtyphina). Journal of Protozoology 35: 618-626.

 

Jeon, K.W., ed. 1973. Biology of Amoeba. Academic Press. New York .

 

Katz, L.A. 1999. The Tangled Web: Gene Genealogies and the Origin of Eukaryotes. The American Naturalist. 154 (supplement): S137-S145.

 

keeling, P. J. 2001, Forarainifera and Cercozoa are related in actin phylog­eny: two orphans find a home? Molecular Biology and Evolution 18: 1551-1557.

 

keeling, P. J., J. A. deane, C. hink-schauer, S. E. douglas, U. G. maier, and G. I. mcfadden. 1999. The secondary endosymbiont of the cryptomonad Guillardia theta contains alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulin genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1308-1313.

 

Keeling, P. J., J. A. deane, and G. L.  mcfadden1998. The Phylogenetic Position of Alpha- and Beta-Tubulins from the Chlorarachnion Host and Cercomonas (Cercozoa). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45: 561-570.

 

keeling, P. J., and W. F. doolittle. 1996. Alpha-tubulin from early-di­verging eukaryotic lineages and the evolution of the tubulin family. Mo­lecular Biology and Evolution 13: 1297-1305.

 

keeling, P. J., and J. D. palmer. 2001. Lateral transfer at the gene and subgenic levels in the evolution of eukaryotic enolase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98: 10745-10750.

 

Kies, L. 1974. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Paulinella chromatophora Lauterborn, einer Thekamoebe rait Blau-grunen Endosymbionten (Cyancllen). Protoplasma 80: 69-89.

Kies,  L., and B. R. Kremer. 1979. Function of Cyanelles in the Thecamoeba Paulinella Chromatophora. Naturewissenschaften 66: 578-579.

Kite, G. C., and J. D. Dodge. 1988. Cell and Chloroplast Ultastructure in Qyrodinium aurealum and Gymnodinium galatheanum. Two marine di-noflagellates containing an unusual carotenoid, Sarsia 73: 131-138.

Kivic, P. A., and P. L. Walne. 1984. An evaluation of a possible phyloge-netic relationship between the Euglenophyta and Kinetoplastida. Origins of Life 13: 269-288.

Kohler, S., C. F. Delwiche, P. W. Denny, L. G. Tilney, P. Webster, R. J. M. Wilson, J. D. palmer, and D. S. Roos. 1997. A Plastid of Probable Green Algal Origin in Apicomplexan Parasites. Science 275: 1485-1489.

Kowallik, K. V. 1997. Origin and Evolution of Chloroplasts: Current Status and Future Perspectives. IN: H. E. Schenk, R. G. Hermann, K. W. Jeon, N. B. Muller, and W. Schwemmler [eds.], Eukaryotism and Symbiosis: Intertaxonic Combination Versus Symbiotic Adaptation. 3-23. Springer, Berlin , Germany .

Kristiansen, J. 1990. Chrysophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 438-453.

Kudo, R.R. 1966. Protozoology. 5th ed. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Springfield.

Leander, B. S., R. P. Witek, and M. A. Farmer. 2001. Trends in the evolution of the euglenid pellicle. Evolution 55: 2215-2235.  

Lee, J.J. 1985. Order Retortamonadida. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 118-119.

Lee, J.J. and S.H. Hunter. 1985. Kinetoplastida. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 141-155.

Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. 1985. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists. Lawrence, Kansas .

Lee, R.E. 1980. Phycology. Cambridge University Press. New York .

Lee, R.E. 1989. Phycology. 2nd Edition (3rd printing) Cambridge University Press. New York .

Leedale, G. F. 1967. Euglenoid flagellates. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA .

Leedale, G. F., and K. Vickerman. 2000. Phylum Euglenozoa. IN:  J. J. Lee, G. F. Leedale, and P. Bradbury [eds.], An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed., 1135-1185. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence , Kansas , USA .  

Leipe, D.D., P.O. Wainright, J.H. Gunderson, D. Porter, D.J. Patterson, F. Valois, S. Himmerich, and M.L. Sogin. 1994.  The Stramenopiles From a Molecular Perspective: 16S-Like rRNA Sequences From Labyrinthuloides minuta and Cafeteria roenbergensis. Phycologia. 33:369-377.

Levine, N.D. 1985. Phylum Apicomplexa. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 322-374.

Liaud, M. F., C. lichtle, K, apt, W. martin, and R. cerff. 2000. Com­partment-specific isoforms of TPI and GAPDH are imported into diatom mitochondria as a fusion protein: evidence in favor of a mitochondria! origin of the eukaryotie glycolytic pathway. Molecular Biology and Evo­lution 17: 213-223.

Loeblich, A.R. 1976. Dinoflagellate Evolution: Speculation and Evidence. J. Protozool. 23: 13-28.

Lom, J. 1990. Myxozoa. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 36-52.

Lonoet, D., J. M. archibald, P. J. keeling, and J. pawlowski. 2003. Foraminifera and Cercozoa share a common origin according to RNA polymerase n phylogenies. International Journal of Systematic and Evo­lutionary Microbiology 53: 1735-1739.

Lynn, D.H. and E.B. Small. 1990. Ciliophora. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 498-523.

Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston.

Margulis, L. and K.V. Schwartz. 1988. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York .

Mann, D.J. and H.J. Marchant. 1989. The Origins of the Diatom and Its Life Cycle. In: Green, J.C., B.S.C. Leadbeater and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae, Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 307-323.

Margulis, L. 1970. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. Yale University Press. New Haven, Conn.

Margulis, L. and K.V. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York .

Martin, W, T. rujan, E. richly, A. hansen, S. cornelsen, T. lins, D. leister, B. stoebe, M. haseoawa, and D. penny. 2002. Evolution­ary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes re­veals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , USA 99: 12246-12251.

Martin, W., B. stoebe, V goremykin, S. hansmann, M. haseoawa, and K. V. kowallik. 1998. Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts. Nature 393: 162-165.

Mattox, K.R. and K.D. Stewart. 1984. Classification of the Green Algae: A Concept Based on Comparative Cytology. In: Irvine, D.E.G. and D.M. John, eds. Systematics of the Green Algae. Systematics Special Volume No. 27. Academic Press. London. pp. 29-72.

McFADDEN, G. L 1999. Plastids and protein targeting. Journal of Eukaryotie Microbiology 46: 339-346.

Mcfadden, G. L, P. R. gilson, S. E. douglas, T. cavalier-smith, C. J. hofmann, and U. G. mater. 1997a. Bonsai genomics: sequencing the smallest eukaryotie genomes. Trends in Genetics 13: 46-49.

Mcfadden, G. L, P. R. gilson, and C. J. B. hofmann. 1997b. Division Chlorarachniophyta. Springer-Verlag , New York , New York , USA .

Mcfadden, G. I., P. R. gilson, and R. F. waller. 1995. Molecular phy­logeny of chtorarachniophytes based on plastid rRNA and rbcL sequenc­es. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 145: 231-239.

Mcfadden, G. L, M. reith, J. munholland, and N. lang-unnasch. 1996. Plastids in human parasites. Nature 381: 482.

McFADDEN, G. I, and R. F. waller. 1997. Plastids in parasites of humans. Bioessays 19: 1033-1040.

Medlin, L. K., A. cooper, C. hill, S. wrieden, and U. wellbrock. 1995. Phylogenetic position of the Chromista plastids based on small subunit rRNA coding regions. Current Genetics 28: 560-565.

Medlin, L.K., H.C. Wiebe, C.F. Kooistra, D. Potter, G.W. Saunders, and R.A. Andersen. 1997. Phylogenetic Relationship of the 'Golden Algae' Haptophytes, Heterokont Chromophytes and Their Plastids. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 11: 187-219.

Melkonoan, M. 1990a. Chlorophyta, Introduction. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 597-599.

Melkonian, M.  1990b. Chlorophyceae. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett publishers. Boston. pp. 608-616.

Moreira, D., H. le guyader, and H. Phillippe. 2000. The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts. Nature. 405: 69-72.

 Muller, K. M., M. C. oliveira, R. G. sheath, and D. bhattacharya. 2001. Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the Bangiophycidae (Rhodophyta) and the origin of secondary plastids. American Journal of Botany 88: 1390-1400.

Nassoury, N., M. cappadocia , and D. morse. 2003. Plastid ultrastructure defines the protein import pathway in dinoflagellates. Journal of Cell Science 116: 2867-2874.

Nickol, A. A., N. E. muller, U. bausenwein, M. G. bayer, T. L. maier, AND H. E. schenk. 2000. Cyanophora paradoxa: nucleotide sequence and phylogeny of the nucleus encoded muroplast fructose-1,6-bisphos-phate aldolase. Zeitschrijt Jur Naturforschung 55: 991-1003.

O’Kelley, C.J. 1989. The Evolutionary Origins of the Brown Algae: Information From Studies of Motile Cell Ultrastructure. In: Green, J.C., B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae, Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 255-278.

Oltveira, M. C., and D. bhattacharya. 2000. Phylogeny of the Bangio­phycidae (Rhodophyta) and the secondary endosymbiotic origin of algal plastids. American Journal of Botany 87: 482-492.

Pace, N.R., G.J. Olsen and C.R. Woese. 1986. Ribosomal RNA Phylogeny and the Primary Lines of Evolutionary Descent. Cell 45: 325-326.

Palmer, J. D. 2003. The symbiotic birth and spread of plastids: how many times and whodunit? Journal ofPhycology 39: 1-9.

Patrick, R. and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii . Volume 1. Monographs of The Academy of  Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. No. 13.

Patron, N. J., M. B. rogers, and P. J. keeling. In press. Gene replacement of fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) supports a single Photosynthetic ancestor of chromalveolates. Eukaryotic Cell.

Patterson, D.J. 1989. Stramenopiles: Chromophytes From a Protistan Perspective. In: Green, J.C., B.S.C. Leadbeater, and W.L. Diver, eds. The Chromophyte Algae, Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 357-379.

Patterson, D.J. 1999. The Diversity of Eukaryotes. The American Naturalist.154(supplement): S96-S124.

Pickett-Heaps, J.D. 1975. Green Algae: Structure, Reproduction and Evolution in Selected Genera. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers. Sunderland, Mass.

Pickett-Heaps, J.D. and H.J. Marchant. 1972. The Phylogeny of the Green Algae: A New Proposal. Cytobios 6:255-264.

Pokorny, K.S. 1985. Phylum Labyrinthomorpha. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 318-321.

Porter, D. 1990. Labyrinthulomycota. In:Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 388-398.

Rogers, M. B., and P. J. keeling. 2003. Lateral gene transfer and re-com-partmentalisation of Calvin cycle enzymes in plants and algae. Journal of Molecular Evolution 58: 367-375.

Ralph, S. A., G. G. van dooren, R. F. waller, M. J. crawford, M. fraunholz, B. J. foth, D. S. Roos, and G. I. mcfadden. 2004. The relict plastid of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: metabolic pathways and function. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2: 203-216.

Renz, G.W. 1976. The Distribution and Ecology of Radiolaria in the Central Pacific: Plankton and Surface Sediments. University of California Press. Berkeley.

Roger, A.J. 1999. Reconstructing Early Events in Eukaryotic Evolution. The American Naturalist. 154(supplement): S146-S163.

Round, F.E. and R.M. Crawford. 1990. Bacillariophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 574-595.

Saldarriaga, J. F., F. J. R. taylor, P. J. keeling, and T. cavalier-smith. 2001. Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. Journal of Molecular Evolution 53: 204-213.

Saldarriaga, J. F, M. L. mcewan, N. M. fast, F. J. R. taylor, and P. J. keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyhrris ma­rina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lin­eage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355-365.

Saunders, G.W., D. Potter, M.P. Paskind, and R.A. Andersen. 1995. Cladistic Analyses of Combined Traditional and Molecular Data Sets Reveal an Algal Lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 92: 244-248.

Scagel, R.F., R.J. Bandoni, G.E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, J.R. Stein, and T.M.C. Taylor. 1969. Plant Diversity, An Evolutionary Approach. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA.

Scagel, R.F., R.J. Bandoni, G.E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, J.R. Stein, and T.M.C. Taylor. 1984. Plant Diversity, An Evolutionary Approach. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA.

Scagel, R.F., R.J. Bandoni, J.R. Maze, G.E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, and J.R. Stein. 1982. Nonvascular Plants, An Evolutionary Survey. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA.

Schnepf, E., and M. ELBRAcHTER. 1988. Cryptophyccan-like double mem­brane-bound chloroplast in the dinoflagellate, Dinophysis Ehrenb.: evo­lutionary, phylogenetic and lexicological implications. Botanica Acta 101: 196-203.

Schuster, F.L. 1990. Rhizopoda. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 3-18.

Silberman, J.D., M.L. Sogin, D.D. Leipe, and C.G. Clark. 1996. Human Parasite Finds Taxonomic Home.  Nature 380: 398.

Simpson, A. G. 2003. Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1759-1777.

Simpson, A. G., and D. J. patterson. 2001. On core jakobids and excavate taxa: the ultrastructure ofJakoba incarcerata. Journal of Eukaryotie Mi­crobiology 48: 480^*92.

Sleigh, M.A., J.D. Dodge and D.J. Patterson. 1984. Kingdom Protista. In: Barnes, R.K.S., ed. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass.

Small, E.B. and D.H. Lynn. 1985. Phylum Ciliophora. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 393-575.

Smith, G.M. 1950. The Fresh-Water Algae of the United States. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York .

Sogin, M. L. 1991. Early evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1: 457-463.

Sogin, M. L., H. J. elwood, and J. H. gunderson. 1986. Evolutionary diversity of eukaryotie small-subunit rRNA genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , USA 83: 1383-1387.

Spiegel, F. 1990. Protostelida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 484-497.

Stechmann, A., and T. cavalier-smith. 2002. Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science 297: 89-91.

Steidinger, K. A., E. W. truby, and C. J. dawes. 1978. Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, part 1. General descrip­tion. Journal ofPhycology 14: 72-79.

Steiner, J. M., and W. loffelhardt. 2002. Protein import into cyanelles. Trends in Plant Sciences 7: 72-77.

Stiller, J. W., and B. D. hall. 1997. The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , USA 94: 4520^4525.

Sulli, C., Z. fang, U. muchhal, and S. D. schwartzbach. 1999. To­pology ofEuglena chloroplast protein precursors within endoplasmic re-ticulum to Golgi to chloroplast transport vesicles. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 457-463.

Sze, P. 1986. A Biology of the Algae. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa .

Takishita, K., K. koike, T. maruyama, and T. ogata. 2002. Molecular evidence for plastid robbery (kleptoplastidy) in Dinophysis, a dino0a-gellate causing diarrhetk shellfish poisoning. Protist 153: 293-302.

Tan, I.H. and L.D. Druehl. 1996. A Ribosomal DNA Phylogeny Supports Close Evolutionary Relationships Among the Sporochnales, Desmarestiales, and Laminariales (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 32: 112-118.

Taylor, F.J.R. 1974. Implications and  Extensions of the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory.  Taxon. 23: 229-258.

Taylor, F.J.R. 1976. Flagellate Phylogeny: A Study in Conflicts. J. Protozool. 23: 28-40.

Taylor, F. J. 1978. Problems in die development of an explicit hypothetical phylogeny of the lower eukaryotes. Biosystems 10: 67-S9.

Taylor, F.J.R. 1987. Taxonomy and Classification. In: Taylor, F.J.R., ed. The Biology of Dinoflagellates. Botanical Monographs vol. 21. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.

Taylor, F. J. R. E. 1987. The biology of dinoflagellates. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford , UK .

Taylor, F.J.R. 1990. Dinoflagellata. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 419-437.

Taylor, F.J.R. 1994. The Role of Phenotypic Comparisons in the Determination of Protist Phylogeny. In: Bengston, S., ed. Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium 84. Columbia University Press. New York. pp. 312-326.

Taylor, F.J.R. 1999. Ultrastructure as a Control for Protistan Molecular Phylogeny. The American Naturalist. 154(supplement): S125-S136.

Tomas, R. N., E. R. Cox, and K. A. Steidinger. 1973. Peridinium balticum (Levander) Lemmermann, an unusual dinoflagellate with a mesokaryotic and an eukaryotie nucleus. Journal ofPhycology 9: 91-98.

Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures that Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York.

Turmel, NL, C. Otis, and C. Lemieux. 1999. The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga

Nephroselmis olivacea: insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences, USA 96: 10248-10253.

 

Turner, S. 1997. Molecular systematic* of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Plant Systematics and

Evolution (Supplement) 11: 13-52.

 

Turner, S., JC M. Pryer, V P. Miao, and J. D. Palmer. 1999. Investigating deep phytogenetk

relationships among cyanobacteria and plastids by small subunit rRNA sequence analysis. Journal

ofEukaryotic Microbi­ology 46: 327-338.

 

Valentin, 1C, and K. Zetsche. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the large subunit of Rubisco

from Cyanaphora paradoxa—phylogenetk implications. Current Genetics 18: 199-202.

 

Van Den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, H.M. Jahns. 1995. Algae, An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

Van de Peer, Y, and R. De Wachter. 1997. Evolutionary relationships among eukaryotic crown taxa

taking into account site-to-site variation in 18S rRNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 45: 619-630.

 

van de peer, Y., G. van der auwera, and R. de wachter. 1996. The evolution of stramenopiles and

alveolates as derived by "substitution rate calibration" of small ribosomal subunit RNA. Journal of

Molecular Evo­lution 42; 201-210.

Vickerman, K. 1990a. Diplomonadida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 200-210.

Vickerman, K. 1990b. Kinetoplastida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 218-238.

Vivier, E. and I. Desportes. 1990. Apicomplexa. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 549-573.

waller, R. E, P. J. keeling, G. G. van dooren, and G. L mcfadden. 2003. Comment on "A green

algal apicoptast ancestor". Science 301: 49.

Walne, P.L. and P.A. Kivic. 1990. Euglenida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 270-287.

watanabe, M. M., S. suda, I. inouye, L sawaguchi, and M. chihara, 1990. Lepidodinium viride gen. et

sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta), a green dinoflagellate with a chlorophyll a- and />-containing

endosym-biont Journal ofPhycology 26: 741-751.

 

watanabe, M. M., Y. takeda, T. sasa, S. suda, T. sawaguchi, and M. chthara. 1987. A green

dinoflagellate with chlorophylls a and b; mor­phology, fine structure of the chloroplast and

chlorophyll composition. Journal ofPhycology 23: 382-389.

 

Weil, R. 1938. L’interpretation des Cnidosporidies et la Valeur Taxonomique de Leur Cnidome. Leur Cycle Compare a la Phase Larvaire des Narcomeduses Cuninides. Travaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux. 13: 727-744.

Weiser, J. 1985a. Phylum Myxozoa. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 384-392.

Weiser, J. 1985b. Phylum Microspora. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 375-383.

Werner, D. 1977. Introduction With a Note on Taxonomy. In: Werner, D., ed. The Biology of Diatoms. Botanical Monographs. Volume 13. University of California Press. Berkeley. pp. 1-17.

Whatley, J.M., and C. Chapman-Andresen. 1990. Karyoblastea. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 167-185.

williams, B, A. P., and P. J. keeling. 2003. Cryptic organdies in parasitic protists and fungi. Advances

in Parasitology 54: 9-67.

 

wilson, R. J. 2002. Progress with parasite plastids. Journal of Molecular Biology 319: 257-274.

 

wilson, R. J. M. I., P. W. denny, D. J. preiser, K. rangachari, K. rob­erts, A. roy, A. whyte, M.

 strath, D. J. moore, P. W. moore, and D. H. williamson. 19%. Complete gene map of the plastid-

like DNA of (he malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Molecular Biology 261: 155-

172.

Wolters, J and Erdman, V.A. 1986. Cladistic Analysis of 5S rRNA and 16S rRNA Secondary and Primary Structure - The Evolution of Eukaryotes and their Relation to Archaebacteria. J. Mol. Evol. 24: 152-166.

yoon, H. S., J. D. hackett, and D. bhattacharya. 2002. A single origin of the peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing plastids in dinoflagellates through tertiary endosymbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 11724-11729.

yoon, H. S., J. D. hackett, G. pinto, and D. bhattacharya. 2002. A single, ancient origin of the

plastid in the Chromista. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 15507-15512.

 

zhang, Z., B. R. green, and T. cavalier-smith. 2000. Phylogeny of utoa-rapidly evolving dinoflagellate

chloroplast genes: a possible common or­igin for sporozoan and dinoflagellate plastids. Journal of

Molecular Evo­lution 51: 26-40.

 

zhang, Z., B. R. green, and T. cavalier-smith. 1999. Single gene circles in dinoflagellate chloroplast

genomes. Nature 400: 155-159.

 


This page is maintained by Jack R. Holt.  Last revised: 03/09/2005

Blackman, M. G. 2003, RNAi in protozoan parasites: what hope for the Apicomplexa?: Protist. 154 177–180. Find this article on other systems

Blackwell, W. H., and M. J. Powell. 2000, A review of group filiation of stramenopiles, additional approaches to the question: Evol. Theory. 12 49–88. Find this article on other systems

Bold, H. C., and M. J. Wynne. 1985, Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction: 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Brugerolle, G., and M. Müller. 2000, Amitochondriate flagellates: In: Leadbeater, B. S. C. & Green, J. C. (ed.), The Flagellates: Unity, Diversity and Evolution, Chp. 9. Taylor & Francis, London and New York. p. 166–189.

Calkins, G. N., and F. M. Summers. editors. 1941. Protozoa in Biological Research: Columbia University Press, New York.

Caron, D., P. D. Countway, and M. V. Brown. 2004, The growing contributions of molecular biology and immunolgy to protistan ecology: molecular signatures as ecological tools: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51 38–48. Find this article on other systems

Catalogue of the UK National Culture Collection (UKNCC). 2001, List of Algae and Protozoa: Ambleside, UK.

Caullery, M. 1905, Le Parasitisme et la Symbiose: G. Doin Co., Paris.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993, Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla: Microbiol. Rev. 57 953–994. Find this article on other systems

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998a, A revised six-kingdom system of life: Biol. Rev. 73 203–266. Find this article on other systems

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998b, Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 375–407.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1999, Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46 347–366. Find this article on other systems

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2000a, Flagellate megaevolution: the basis for eukaryote diversification: In: Leadbeater, B. S. C. & Green, J. C. (ed.),The Flagellates: Unity, Diversity and Evolution. Taylor & Francis, London. p. 361–390.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2000b, Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution: Trends Plant Sci. 5 174–182. Find this article on other systems

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002, The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa: Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52 297–354. Find this article on other systems

Chapman, M. J., and L. Margulis. 1998, Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis: Interntl. Microbiol. 1 319–326.

Chapman, M. J., M. F. Dolan, and L. Margulis. 2000, Centrioles and kinetosomes: form, function, and evolution: Quart. Rev. Biol. 75 409–429. Find this article on other systems

Claridge, M. F., H. A. Dawah, and M. R. Wilson. editors. 1997. Species: The Units of Biodiversity: Chapman & Hall, London and New York.

Cleveland, L. R., S. R. Hall, E. P. Sanders, and J. Collier. 1934, The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach: Mem. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 17 185–342. Find this article on other systems

Clopton, R. E., T. J. Percival, and J. Janovy Jr. 1991, Gregarina niphandrodes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) from adult Tenebrio molitor (L.) with oocyst descriptions of other gregarine parasites of the yellow mealworm: J. Protozool. 38 472–479. Find this article on other systems

Cole, L. 1994, Catalog of type specimens in the International Protozoan Type Collection: Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 561 1–28. Find this article on other systems

Coleman, G. S. 1960, The cultivation of sheep rumen oligotrich protozoa in vitro: J. Gen. Microbiol. 22 555–563. Find this article on other systems

Coleman, G. S. 1963, The growth and metabolism of rumen ciliate protozoa: Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 13 298–324. Find this article on other systems

Coombs, G. H., K. Vickerman, M. A. Sleigh, and A. Warren. editors. 1998. Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Cooper, E. L. 2003, Comparative immunology: Integrative Comp. Biol. 43 278–359.

Corliss, J. O. 1979, The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature: 2nd ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York.

Corliss, J. O. 1986, Progress in protistology during the first decade following reemergence of the field as a respectable interdisciplinary area in modern biological research: Prog. Protistol. 1 11–63. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O. 1989, Protistan phylogeny and eukaryogenesis: Int. Rev. Cytol. 100 319–370. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O. 1992, Historically important events, discoveries, and works in protozoology form the mid-17th to the mid-20th century: Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 42 (year 1991). 45–81. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O. 1994, An interim utilitarian (‘user-friendly’) hierarchical classification and characterization of the protists: Acta Protozool. 33 1–51. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O. 1995, The ambiregnal protists and the codes of nomenclature: a brief review of the problem and of proposed solutions: Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 52 11–17. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O. 1998, Classification of protozoa and protists: the current status: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 409–447.

Corliss, J. O. 2000a, Biodiversity, classification, and numbers of species of protists: In: Raven, P. H. & Williams, T. (ed.), Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. p. 130–155.

Corliss, J. O. 2000b, A commentary on D. A. Windsor's recent heuristic biocartel concept: Archiv. SciAesthetics Inst. 1 79–85.

Corliss, J. O. 2001, Have the protozoa been overlooked?: BioScience. 51 424–425. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O. 2002, Biodiversity and biocomplexity of the protists and an overview of their significant roles in maintenance of our biosphere: Acta Protozool. 41 199–219. Find this article on other systems

Corliss, J. O., and S. C. Esser. 1974, Comments on the role of the cyst in the life cycle and survival of free-living protozoa: Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 93 578–593. Find this article on other systems

Cushion, M. 2004, Comparative genomics of Pneumocystis and other protists: implications for life style: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51 30–37. Find this article on other systems

Dacks, J. B., and W. F. Doolittle. 2002a, Novel syntaxin gene sequences from Giardia, Trypanosoma and algae: implications for the ancient evolution of the eukaryotic endomembrane system: J. Cell Sci. 115 1635–1642. Find this article on other systems

Dacks, J. B., and A. G. B. Simpson. 2002, Meeting Report: XIVth Meeting of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology, Vancouver, Canada, June 19–24, 2002. Protist, 153:337–342.

De Bary, A. 1879, Die Mycetozoen: Wiss. Zool. 10 88–175. Find this article on other systems

Dewel, R. A., and J. Smith III. organizers. 2003. New perspectives on the origin of metazoan complexity: Integrative Comp. Biol. 43 1–126.

Dolan, M. F., H. Melnitsky, L. Margulis, and R. Kolnicki. 2002, Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus: Anat. Rec. 268 290–301. Find this article on other systems

Doolittle, W. F. 1999, Lateral genomics: Trend Cell Biol. 9 M5–8. Find this article on other systems

Doolittle, W. F. 2000, Uprooting the tree of life: Sci. Am. 282 90–93. Find this article on other systems

Esteban, G. F., B. J. Finlay, J. L. Olmo, and P. A. Tyler. 2000, Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia: J. Nat. Hist. (London). 34 159–189. Find this article on other systems

Ettl, M. 2001, The ciliate community (Protozoa: Ciliophora) of a municipal activated sludge plant: interactions between species and environmental factors: Protozool. Monogr. 1 (year 2000). 1–62.

Farmer, M. 2003, Revised Classification of the Protists. Symposium Presentation: Meeting, Society of Prostozologists, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, June 14–19, 2003.

Fast, N. M., J. C. Kissinger, D. S. Roos, and P. J. Keeling. 2001, Nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted genes suggest a single common origin for apicomplexand and dinoflagellate plastids: Mol. Biol. Evol. 18 418–426. Find this article on other systems

Feest, A. 1987, The quantitative ecology of soil mycetozoa: Prog. Protistol. 2 331–361. Find this article on other systems

Fenchel, T., and B. J. Finlay. 1995, Ecology and Evolution in Anoxic Worlds: Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Fernandez-Leborans, G., and M. L. Tato-Porto. 2000, A review of the species of protozoan epibionts on crustaceans. I. Peritrich ciliates: Crustaceana. 73 643–683. Find this article on other systems

Finlay, B. J. 2001, Protozoa: In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Academic Press, San Diego. 4:901–915.

Finlay, B. J. 2002, Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species: Science. 296 1061–1063. Find this article on other systems

Finlay, B. J., and G. F. Esteban. 1998, Freshwater protozoa: biodiversity and ecological function: Biodiv. Conserv. 7 1163–1186. Find this article on other systems

Finlay, B. J., and G. F. Esteban. 2001, Exploring Leeuwenhoek's legacy: the abundance and diversity of protozoa: Int. Microbiol. 4 125–133. Find this article on other systems

Finlay, B. J., and T. Fenchel. 1993, Methanogens and other bacteria as symbionts of free-living anaerobic ciliates: Symbiosis. 14 375–390. Find this article on other systems

Finlay, B. J., J. O. Corliss, G. F. Esteban, and T. Fenchel. 1996, Biodiversity at the microbial level: the number of free-living ciliates in the biosphere: Quart. Rev. Biol. 71 221–237. Find this article on other systems

Finlay, B. J., G. F. Esteban, K. J. Clarke, and J. L. Olmo. 2001, Biodiversity of terrestrial protozoa appears homogeneous across local and global spatial scales: Protist. 152 355–366. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1987, Soil protozoa: fundamental problems, ecological significance, adaptations in ciliates and testaceans, bioindicators, and guide to the literature: Prog. Protistol. 2 69–212. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1988, Gemeinsame Arten in der terricolen Ciliatenfauna (Protozoa: Ciliophora) von Australien und Afrika: Stapfia. 17 85–133.

Foissner, W. 1992a, Estimating the species richness of soil protozoa using the “non-flooded Petri dish method”: In: Lee, J. J. & Soldo, A. T. (ed.), Protocols in Protozoology. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas.

Foissner, W. 1992b, Diversity and ecology of soil flagellates: In: Patterson, D. J. & Larsen, J. (ed.), The Biology of Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Systematics Association Special Vol. No. 45, (year 1991). Clarendon Press, Oxford. p. 93–112.

Foissner, W. 1993, Colpodea (Ciliophora): Protozoenfauna. 4 1–798.

Foissner, W. 1994a, Morphology and morphogenesis of Circinella arenicola nov. gen., nov., spec., a cephalized hypotrich (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) from sand dunes in Utah, USA: Europ. J. Protisol. 30 156–170.

Foissner, W. 1994b, Soil protozoa as bioindicators in ecosystems under human influence: In: Darbyshire, J. F. (ed.), Soil Protozoa. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. p. 147–193.

Foissner, W. 1994c, Die Ciliaten der astatischen Gewäser und des Bodens: In: Hausmann, K. & Kremer, B. P. (ed.), Extremophile: Mikroorganismen in ausgefallenen Lebensräumen. VCH, Weinheim, Germany. p. 195–208.

Foissner, W. 1995, Tropical protozoan diversity: 80 ciliate species (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in a soil sample from a tropical dry forest of Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new genera and seven new species: Arch. Protistenk. 145 37–79. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1996, Faunistics, taxonomy and ecology of moss and soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Antarctica, with description of new species, including Pleuroplitoides smithi gen. n., sp. n: Acta Protozool. 35 95–123. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1997, Global soil ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora) diversity: a probability-based approach using large sample collections from Africa, Australia, and Antarctica: Biodiv. Conserv. 6 1627–1638. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1998, An updated compilation of world soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora), with ecological notes, new records, and descriptions of new species: Eur. J. Protistol. 34 195–235. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1999a, Notes on the soil ciliate biota (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the Shimba Hills in Kenya (Africa): diversity and description of three new genera and ten new species: Biodiv. Conserv. 8 319–389. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 1999b, Soil protozoa as bioindicators: pros and cons, methods, diversity, representative examples: Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74 95–112. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 2000a, A compilation of soil and moss ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Germany, with new records and descriptions of new and insufficiently known species: Europ. J. Protistol. 36 253–283. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 2000b, Notes on ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Espeletia trees and Espeletia soils of the Andean Páramo, with descriptions of Sikorops espeletiae nov. spec. and Fragmocirrus espeletiae nov. gen., nov. spec: Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 35 52–79. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W. 2000c, Protist diversity: estimates of the near-imponderable: Protist. 150 (year 1999):. 363–368. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W., and H. Berger. 1996, A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology: Freshwater Biol. 35 375–481. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W., S. Agatha, and H. Berger. 2002, Soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha Region and the Namib Desert: Denisia. 5 1–1459.

Foissner, W., H. Berger, and J. Schaumburg. 1999, Identification and ecology of limnetic plankton ciliates: Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes für Wasserwirtsch, Heft. 3 /99. 1–793. Find this article on other systems

Foissner, W., H. Blatterer, and I. Foissner. 1988, The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from Gondwanian soils: Europ. J. Protistol. 23 361–383. Find this article on other systems

Garnham, P. C. C. 1966, Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia: Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford.

Graham, L. E., and L. W. Wilcox. 2000, Algae: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Grandori, R., and L. Grandori. 1934, Studî sui protozoi del terreno: Boll. Lab. Zool. Agr. Bachic. R. Ist. Sup. Agr. Milano. 5 1–341. Find this article on other systems

Grassé, P.-P. 1926, Contribution à l'étude des Flagellés parasites: Arch. Zool., Expér. Générales. 65 345–602.

Graves, J. A. M. 2003, The tree of life: view from a twig: Science. 300 1621 Find this article on other systems

Gray, M. W., G. Burger, and B. F. Lang. 1999, Mitochondrial evolution: Science. 283 1476–1481. Find this article on other systems

Green, J. C., and B. S. C. Leadbeater. editors. 1994. The Haptophyte Algae: Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Green, J. C., B. S. C. Leadbeater, and W. L. Diver. editors. 1989. The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives: Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Groombridge, B., and M. D. Jenkins. 2002, World Atlas of Biodiversity: University of California Press, Berkeley.

Gutiérrez, J. C., S. Callejas, S. Borniquel, L. Benítez, and A. Martín-González. 2001, Ciliate cryptobiosis: A microbial strategy against environmental starvation: Int. Microbiol. 4 151–157. Find this article on other systems

Hackstein, J. H. P., U. Mackenstedt, H. Mehlhorn, J. Meijerink, H. Schubert, and J. A. M. Leunissen. 1995, Parasitic apicomplexans harbor a chlorophyll a-D1 complex, the potential target for therapeutic triazines: Parasitol. Res. 81 207–216. Find this article on other systems

Hackstein, J. H. P., A. H. A. M. van Hoek, J. A. M. Leunissen, and M. Huynen. 2002, Anaerobic ciliates and their methanogenic endosymbionts: In: Seckbach, J. (ed.), Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Model Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Hallegraeff, G. M. 1993, A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase: Phycologia. 32 79–99. Find this article on other systems

Hammond, P. M. 1995, Described and estimated species numbers: an objective assessment of current knowledge: In: Allsopp, D., Colwell, R. R. & Hawksworth, D. L. (ed.), Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Function. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, p. 29–71.

Harrison, F. W., and J. O. Corliss. editors. 1991. Protozoa: In: Harrison, F. W. (ed.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 1. Wiley-Liss, New York.

Hausmann, K., and P. C. Bradbury. editors. 1996. Ciliates: Cells As Organisms: G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

Hausmann, K., and N. Hülsmann. 1996, Protozoology: 2nd ed., Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.

Hausmann, K., and N. Hülsmann. 1999, On the actual understanding of the evolution and phylogeny of eukaryotes and its consequences for protozoan systematics: Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 215 111–122. Find this article on other systems

Hausmann, K., and B. P. Kremer. 1994, Extremophile:: Mikroorganismen in ausgefallenen Lebensäumen. VCH, Weinheim.

Hawksworth, D. L., J. McNeill, P. H. A. Sneath, R. P. Trehane, and P. K. Tubbs. 1994, Towards a harmonized bionomenclature for life on Earth: Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 51 188–216. Find this article on other systems

Henis, Y. editor. 1987. Survival and Dormancy of Microorganisms: John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Hirt, R. P., M. Wilkinson, and T. M. Embley. 1998, Molecular and cellular evolution of ciliates: a phylogenetic perspective: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Chapman & Hall, London. p. 327–340.

Hoare, C. A. 1962, Reservoir hosts and natural foci of human protozoal infections: Acta Trop. 19 281–317. Find this article on other systems

Honigsbaum, M. 2002, The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York.

Horikoshi, K., and W. D. Grant. 1998, Extremophiles: Microbiological Life in Extreme Environments: Wiley-Liss, New York.

Hunter, P. A., G. K. Darby, and N. J. Russel. editor. 1995. Fifty Years of Antimicrobials: Past Perspectives and Future Trends: Society for General Microbiology, Symposium No. 53. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Hutner, S. H. 1964, Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa. Vol. 3: Academic Press, New York.

Irvine, D. E. G., and D. M. John. editors. 1984. Systematics of the Green Algae: (Systematics Association Special Vol. 27). Academic Press, London.

Ishida, K., and B. R. Green. 2002, Second- and third-hand chloroplasts in dinoflagellates. Phylogeny of oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 (PsbO) protein reveals replacement of a nuclear-encoded plastid gene by that of a haptophyte tertiary endosymbiont: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 9294–9299. Find this article on other systems

Jassby, A. 1988, Some public health aspects of microbial products: In: Lembi, C. A. & Waaland, J. R. (ed.), Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 181–202.

Jeon, K. W. 1995, The large, free-living amoebae: wonderful cells for biological studies: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 42 1–7. Find this article on other systems

Kaneshiro, E. S. 2002, Is Pneumocystis a plant?: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 367–373. Find this article on other systems

Kaplan, J. E., J. L. Jones, and C. A. Dykewicz. 2000, Protists as opportunistic pathogens: public health impact in the 1900s and beyond: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47 15–20. Find this article on other systems

Karlson, B., D. Potter, M. Kuylenstierna, and R. A. Andersen. 1996, Ultrastructure, pigment composition, and 18S rRNA gene sequence for Nannochloropsis granulata sp. nov. (Monodopsidaceae, Eustigmatophyceae), a marine ultraplankter isolated from the Skagerrak, northeast Atlantic Ocean: Phycologia. 35 253–260. Find this article on other systems

Katz, L. A. editor. 1999a. Evolutionary relationships among eukaryotes: Am. Nat. 154 (Suppl.). S93–S188. (symposium organized by L. A. Katz & M. L. Sogin). Find this article on other systems

Katz, L. A. 1999b, The tangled web: gene genealogies and the origin of eukaryotes: Am. Nat. 154 (Suppl.). S137–S145. Find this article on other systems

Kawachi, M., I. Inouye, D. Honda, C. J. O'Kelly, J. C. Bailey, R. R. Bidigare, and R. A. Andersen. 2002, The Pinguiophyceae classis nova, a new class of photosynthetic stramenopiles whose members produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids: Phycol. Res. 50 1–17. Find this article on other systems

Keilin, D. 1959, The problem of anabiosis or latent life: history and current concept: Proc. Royal Soc. London, Ser. B. 150 149–191. Find this article on other systems

Kirk, D. L. 1998, Volvox: Molecular-genetic origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kirk, D. L. 2003, Seeking the ultimate and proximate causes of Volvox multicellularity and cellular differentiation: In: Wake, M. H. & Pearse, J. S. (organizers), The Promise of Integrative Biology,. Integrat. Comp. Biol. 43 247–253.

Knoll, A. H. 1992, The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective: Science. 256 622–627. Find this article on other systems

Knoll, A. H. 2003, Life on a Young Planet: Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Köhler, S., C. F. Delwiche, P. W. Denny, L. G. Tilney, P. Webster, R. J. M. Wilson, J. D. Palmer, and D. S. Roos. 1997, A plastid of probable green algal origin in apicomplexan parasites: Science. 275 1485–1489. Find this article on other systems

Leadbeater, B. S. C., and J. C. Green. editors. 2000. The Flagellates: Unity, Diversity and Evolution: Taylor & Francis, London and New York.

Leadbeater, B. S. C., and R. Riding. editors. 1986. Biomineralization in Lower Plants and Animals: Taylor & Francis, London.

Lee, J. J., and J. O. Corliss. editors. 1985. Symposium on “Symbiosis in Protozoa.”: J. Protozool. 32 371–403. Find this article on other systems

Lee, J. J., and A. T. Soldo. editors. 1992. Protocols in Protozoology: Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, KS. (148 individual sections and many contributors).

Lee, J. J., G. F. Leedale, and P. C. Bradbury. editors. 2002. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa: 2nd ed., Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, KS. (in two volumes).

Lee, R. E. 1999, Phycology: 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Lembi, C. A., and R. J. Waaland. editors. 1988. Algae and Human Affairs: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Lipps, J. H. editor. 1993. Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists: Blackwell Scientific Publ., Boston.

Lipscomb, D. L., J. S. Farris, M. Källersjö, and A. Tehler. 1998, Support, ribosomal sequences and the phylogeny of the eukaryotes: Cladistics. 14 303–338. Find this article on other systems

Lwoff, A. 1951, Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa. Vol. 1: Academic Press, New York.

Lynn, D. H. 2003, From the editor: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 1–2. Find this article on other systems

Lynn, D. H. 2004, From the editor: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51 1 (in press). Find this article on other systems

Lynn, D. H., A.-D. G. Wright, M. Schlegel, and W. Foissner. 1999, Phylogenetic relationships of orders within the class Colpodea (Phylum Ciliophora) inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences: J. Mol. Evol. 48 605–614. Find this article on other systems

McFadden, G. I., and D. S. Roos. 1999, Apicomplexan plastids as drug targets: Trends Microbiol. 7 328–333. Find this article on other systems

Margulis, L. 1970, Origin of Eukaryotic Cells: Yale University Press, New Haven.

Margulis, L. 1993, Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

Margulis, L. 1996, Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 93 1071–1076. Find this article on other systems

Marulis, L. 1997, Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field of endocytobiology: In: Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (ed.), Slanted Truths, Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, New York. p. 295–305.

Margulis, L. 1998, Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution: Basic Books, New York.

Margulis, L., and M. J. Chapman. 1998, Endosymbioses: cyclical and permanent in evolution: Trends Microbiol. 6 342–345. Find this article on other systems

Margulis, L., and R. Fester. editors. 1991. Symbiosis As a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Margulis, L., and D. Sagan. editors. 1997. Slanted Truths, Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution: Springer-Verlag, New York.

Margulis, L., and D. Sagan. 2002, Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species: Basic Books, New York.

Margulis, L., and K. V. Schwartz. 1998, Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth: 3rd ed., W. H. Freeman, New York.

Margulis, L., M. F. Dolan, and R. Guerrero. 2000, The chimeric eukaryote: origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97 6954–6959.

Margulis, L., C. Matthews, and A. Haselton. editors. 2000. Environmental Evolution: Effects of the Origin and Evolution of Life on Planet Earth: 2nd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Margulis, L., J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman. editors. 1990. Handbook of Protoctista: Jones & Bartlett, Boston.

Marquardt, W. C., R. S. Demaree, and R. B. Grieve. 2000, Parasitology and Vector Biology: 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego.

Martin, W., and M. Müller. 1998, The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote: Nature. 392 37–41. Find this article on other systems

Martin, W., H. Brinkmann, C. Savonna, and R. Cerff. 1993, Evidence for a chimeric nature of nuclear genomes: eubacterial origin of eukaryotic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90 8692–8696. Find this article on other systems

Medlin, L. K., W. H. C. F. Kooistra, D. Potter, G. W. Saunders, and R. A. Andersen. 1997, Phylogenetic relationships of the “golden algae” (haptophytes, heterokonts, chromophytes) and their plastids: Plant Syst. Evol. 11 (Suppl.). 187–219. Find this article on other systems

Melkonian, M. 2001, Systematics and evolution of the algae. I. Genomics meets phylogeny: Prog. Bot. 62 340–382. Find this article on other systems

Mereschkowsky, C. 1905, Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche: Bio. Zentbl. 25 593–604.

Mereschkowsky, C. 1910, Theorie der Zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen: Biol. Zentbl. 30 278–303. 321–347. 353–367.

Moore, D. 2001, Slayers, Saviors, Servants, and Sex: An Exposé of Kingdom Fungi: Springer-Verlag, New York.

Morado, J. F., and E. B. Small. 1995, Ciliate parasites and related diseases of Crustacea: A review: Rev. Fish. Sci. 3 275–354. Find this article on other systems

Müller, M. 1993, The hydrogenosome: J. Gen. Microbiol. 139 2879–2889. Find this article on other systems

Müller, M. 1996, Energy metabolism of amitochondriate protists, an evolutionary puzzle: In: Schlegel, M. & Hausmann, K. (ed.), Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg—Festschrift. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig. p. 63–76.

Müller, M. 1998, Enzymes and compartmentation of core energy metabolism of anaerobic protists—a special case in eukaryotic evolution?: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 109–131.

Nerad, T. A. editor. 1993. ATCC Catalogue of Protists (Algae, Protozoa): 18th ed., American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD.

Norton, T. A., M. Melkonian, and R. A. Andersen. 1996, Algal biodiversity: Phycologia. 35 308–326. Find this article on other systems

Obornik, M., Y. Van de Peer, V. Hypsa, T. Frickey, J. R. Slapeta, A. Meyer, and J. Lukes. 2002, Phylogenetic analyses suggest lateral gene transfer from the mitochondrion to the apicoplast: Gene. 285 109–118. Find this article on other systems

O'Kelly, C. J. 1993, Relationships of algae to other protists: In: Berner, T. (ed.), Ultrastructure of Algae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 270–293.

Orias, E. 2000, Symposium on the genomics of free-living microbial eukaryotes—state of the art and promise: Introductory remarks: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47 327–333. Find this article on other systems

Patterson, D. J. 1994, Protozoa: evolution and systematics: In: Hausmann, K. & Hülsmann, N. (ed.), Progress in Protozoology: Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Protozoology, Berlin, 1993. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, p. 1–14.

Patterson, D. J. 1999, The diversity of eukaryotes: Am. Nat. 154 (Suppl.). 96–124. Find this article on other systems

Patterson, D. J. 2002, Changing views of protistan systematics: the taxonomy of protozoa—an overview: In: Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P. C (ed.), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. 2nd ed., Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas.

Patterson, D. J., and J. O. Corliss. editors. 1989. Progress in Protistology: Vol. 3. Biopress, Bristol.

Patterson, D. J., and J. Larsen. editors. 1992. The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates: Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Pawlowski, J., and M. Holzmann. 2002, Molecular phylogeny of Foraminifera—a review: Europ. J. Protistol. 38 1–10. Find this article on other systems

Penn, D. J. 2003, The evolutionary roots of our environmental problems: toward a Darwinian ecology: Quart. Rev. Biol. 78 275–301. Find this article on other systems

Perkins, F. O. 1987, Protistan parasites of commercially significant marine bivalve molluscs—life cycles, ultrastructure, and phylogeny: Aquaculture. 67 240–243. Find this article on other systems

Peterson, K. J., and G. E. Budd. organizers. 2003. The Cambrian explosion: putting the pieces together: Integrative Comp. Biol. 43 127–237.

Philippe, H., and A. Adoutte. 1998, The molecular phylogeny of Eukaryota: solid facts and uncertainties: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 25–56.

Potter, D., T. C. LaJeunesse, G. W. Saunders, and R. A. Andersen. 1997, Convergent evolution masks extensive biodiversity among marine coccoid picoplankton: Biodiv. Conserv. 6 99–107. Find this article on other systems

Prescott, G. W. 1962, Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area: Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.

Pringsheim, E. G. 1946, Pure Cultures of Algae: Cambridge University Press, London.

Puytorac, P. de, J. Grain, and J.-P. Mignot. 1987, Précis de Protistologie: Société Nouvelle des Editions Boubée, Paris.

Ragan, M. A. 1997, A third kingdom of eukaryotic life: history of an idea: Arch. Protistenkd. 148 225–243. Find this article on other systems

Ragan, M. A. 2001, Detection of lateral gene transfer among microbial genomes: Curr. Op. Genet. Dev. 11 620–626. Find this article on other systems

Raikov, I. 1995a, Structure and genetic organization of the polyploid macronucleus of ciliates: a comparative review: Acta Protozool. 34 151–171. Find this article on other systems

Raikov, I. B. 1995b, The dinoflagellate nucleus and chromosomes: mesokaryote concept reconsidered: Acta Protozool. 34 239–247. Find this article on other systems

Raven, P. H. 1970, A multiple origin for plastids and mitochondria: Science. 169 641–646. Find this article on other systems

Raven, P. H., and T. Williams. editors. 2000. Nature and Human Society: the Quest for a Sustainable World: National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Reaka-Kudla, M. L. 1997, The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. Chp. 7: In: Reaka-Kudla, M. L., Wilson, D. E. & Wilson, E. O. (ed.), Biodiversity II. Understanding and Protecting our Biological Resources. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C., p. 83–108.

Reaka-Kulda, M. L., D. E. Wilson, and E. O. Wilson. editors. 1997. Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources: Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C.

Richards, T. A. et al. 2003. Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of parasitic protozoa: Protist. 154 17–32. Find this article on other systems

Ridley, M. 2000, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters: Harper Collins, New York.

Rivera, M. C., R. Jain, J. E. Moore, and J. A. Lake. 1998, Genomic evidence for two functionally distinct gene classes: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95 6239–6244. Find this article on other systems

Roger, A. J. 1999, Reconstructing early events in eukaryotic evolution: Am. Nat. 154 S146–S163. Find this article on other systems

Rothschild, L. J. 1989, Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: What's in a name?: J. Hist. Biol. 22 277–305. Find this article on other systems

Rothschild, L. 2004, Introductory Remarks: Protozoology (Protistology) at the Dawn of the 21st Century. SOP Symposium on “Advances in Protistology” during joint meeting of the Society of Protozoologists and the Phycological Society of America, June 14–19, 2003, Gleneden Beach, Oregon: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51 3–7. Find this article on other systems

Rothschild, L., and A. Lister. editors. 2003. Evolution on Planet Earth: The Impact of the Physical Environment: Academic Press, London.

Rothschild, L., and R. L. Mancinelli. 2001, Life in extreme environments: Nature. 409 1092–1101. Find this article on other systems

Sagan, L. 1967, On the origin of mitosing cells: J. Theor. Biol. 14 225–275. Find this article on other systems

Sagan, D., and L. Margulis. 2001, Eukaryotes, origin of: Encyclopedia Biodiv. 2 623–633.

Sandgren, C. D., J. P. Smol, and J. Kristiansen. editors. 1995. Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and Development: Cambridge University Press, New York.

Sandon, H. 1927, The Composition and Distribution of the Protozoan Fauna of the Soil: Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.

Sapp, J. 1994, Evolution By Association: A History of Symbiosis: OUP Inc., New York.

Saunders, G. W., D. Potter, M. P. Paskind, and R. A. Andersen. 1995, Cladistic analyses of combined traditional and molecular data sets reveal an algal lineage: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92 244–248. Find this article on other systems

Schlegel, M. 1998, Diversität und Phylogenie der Protisten—aufgedeckt mit molekularen Merkmalen: Stapfia. 56 105–118.

Schlegel, M. 2003, Phylogeny of eukaryotes recovered with molecular data: highlights and pitfalls: Europ. J. Protistol. 39 113–122. Find this article on other systems

Seckbach, J. editor. 2002. Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Model Systems: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Sedegah, M., M. Belmonte, J. E. Epstein, C.-A. Siegrist, W. R. Weiss, T. R. Jones, M. Lu, D.-J. Carucci, and S. L. Hoffman. 2003, Successful induction of CD8T cell-dependent protection against malaria by sequential immunization with DNA and recombinant poxvirus of neonatal mice born to immune mothers: J. Immunol. 171 3148–3153. Find this article on other systems

Shen, Y. editor. 1999. Protozoology: Science Press, Beijing, People's Republic of China. (in Chinese).

Shen, Y., W. Feng, M. Gu, S. Wang, J. Wu, and Y. Tan. 1995, Monitoring of River Pollution: China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing. People's Republic of China.

Sherman, I. W. editor. 1998. Malaria: Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Protection: American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

Silberman, J. D., A. G. B. Simpson, J. Kulda, I. Cepicka, V. Hampl, P. J. Johnson, and A. J. Roger. 2002, Retortamonad flagellates are closely related to diplomonads—implications for the history of mitochondrial function in eukaryote evolution: Mol. Biol. Evol. 19 777–786. Find this article on other systems

Silva, P. C. 1993, Continuity, an essential ingredient of modern taxonomy: Korean J. Phycol. 8 83–89. Find this article on other systems

Simpson, A. G. B., and D. J. Patterson. 2001, On core jakobids and excavate taxa: the ultrastructure of: Jakoba incarcerata. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48 480–492.

Simpson, A. G. B., and A. J. Roger. 2002, Eukaryotic evolution: getting to the root of the problem: Curr. Biol. 12 R691–RR693. Find this article on other systems

Simpson, A. G. B., J. Lukes, and A. J. Roger. 2002, The evolutionary history of kinetoplastids and their kinetoplasts: Mol. Biol. Evol. 19 2071–2083. Find this article on other systems

Simpson, A. G. B., E. K. MacQuarrie, and A. J. Roger. 2002, Early origin of canonical interns: Nature. 419 270 Find this article on other systems

Simpson, A. G. B., R. Radek, J. B. Dacks, and C. J. O'Kelly. 2002, How oxymonads lost their groove: an ultrastructural comparison of Monocercomonoides and excavate taxa: J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 239–248. Find this article on other systems

Simpson, A. G. B., A. J. Roger, J. D. Silberman, D. D. Leipe, V. P. Edgcomb, L. S. Jermiin, D. J. Patterson, and M. L. Sogin. 2002, Evolutionary history of ‘early diverging’ eukaryotes: The excavate taxon Carpediemonas is close relative of Giardia: Mol. Biol. Evol. 19 1782–1791. Find this article on other systems

Sleigh, M. A. 1989, Protozoa and Other Protists: 2nd ed., Arnold, London.

Sogin, M. 1991, Early evolution and the origin of eukaryotes: Curr. Opin. Gen Dev. 1 457–463. Find this article on other systems

Sogin, M. L., H. G. Morrison, G. Hinkle, and J. D. Silberman. 1996, Ancestral relationships of the major eukaryotic lineages: Microbiologia SEM. 12 17–28.

Song, W. editor. 1999. Progress in Protozoology: Qingdao Ocean University Press, Qingdao, People's Republic of China. (in Chinese).

Song, W., and N. Wilbert. 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn: Lauterbornia. 3 1–221.

Stanier, R. Y. 1970, Some aspects of the biology of cells and their possible evolutionary significance: In: Charles, H. P. & Knight, B. C. J. G. (ed.), Organization and Control in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Society for General Microbiology Symposium, No. 20. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 1–38.

Starr, R. C., and J. A. Zeikus. 1993, UTEX—the Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas at Austin: J. Phycol. 29 (Suppl.). 1–106. Find this article on other systems

Stechmann, A., and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2002, Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion: Science. 297 89–91. Find this article on other systems

Stork, N. E. 1993, How many species are there?: Biodiv. Conserv. 2 215–232. Find this article on other systems

Stork, N. E., and C. H. C. Lyal. 1993, Extinction or ‘co-extinction’ rates?: Nature. 366 307 Find this article on other systems

Strüder-Kypke, M. C., A.-D. G. Wright, S. I. Fokin, and D. H. Lynn. 2000, Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Paramecium inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences: Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14 122–130. Find this article on other systems

Sugden, A. M., B. R. Jasny, E. Culotta, and E. Pennisi. (introducers). 2003. Charting the evolutionary history of life: Science. 300 1691 Find this article on other systems

Surek, B. 2002, Meeting report. Culture collections of algae: Increasing accessibility and exploring algal biodiversity: An International Meeting at the Sammlung von Algenkulturen at Göttingen University (SAG), Germany; September 2–6, 2002. Protist, 153:343–355.

Taylor, D. L. 1970, Chloroplasts as symbiotic organelles: Int. Rev. Cytol. 27 29–64. Find this article on other systems

Taylor, F. J. R. 1974, Implications and extensions of the serial endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotes: Taxon. 23 229–258. Find this article on other systems

Taylor, F. J. R. editor. 1987a. The Biology of Dinoflagellates: Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford.

Taylor, F. J. R. 1987b, An overview of the status of evolutionary cell symbiosis theories: Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 503 1–16. Find this article on other systems

Taylor, F. J. R. 1990, Symbiosis in marine protozoa: In: Capriula, G. M. (ed.), Ecology of Marine Protozoa. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 323–340.

Taylor, F. J. R. 2003, The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of Protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology: J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 53:1707–1714.

Tiwari, S. C., and S. D. Sharma. editor. 2002. Microbial Diversity: Status and Potential Applications: 1st ed., 235p.

Trager, W. 1969, Symbiosis: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

Trager, W. 2002, Loose ends: axenic culture, parasitophorous vacuoles, bird malaria: Parasitologia. 44 117–121.

Van de Peer, Y., S. L. Baldauf, W. F. Doolittle, and A. Meyer. 2000, An updated and comprehensive rRNA phylogeny of (crown) eukaryotes based on rate-calibrated evolutionary distances: J. Mol. Evol. 51 565–576. Find this article on other systems

van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, and H. M. Jahns. 1995, Algae: An Introduction to Phycology: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Vickerman, K. 1992, The diversity and ecological significance of Protozoa: Biodiv. Conserv. 1 334–341. Find this article on other systems

Vickerman, K. 1997, Landmarks in trypanosome research: In: Mottram, J. C., Coombs, G. H. & Holmes, P. H. (ed.), Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. CAB International, London. p. 1–37.

Vickerman, K. 1998, Revolution among the Protozoa: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 1–24.

Vickerman, K. 2000a, Adaptations to parasitism among flagellates: In: Leadbeater, B. S. C. & Green, J. C. (ed.), The Flagellates: Unity, Diversity and Evolution. Chp. 10. Taylor & Francis, London and New York. p. 190–215.

Vickerman, K. 2000b, Historical Chapters 2–12: In: Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A., Leadbeater, B. S. C. & McCready, S. (ed.), A Century of Protozoology in Britain. The British Section of the Society of Protozoologists (BSSP). p. 16–128.

Vickerman, K., M. A. Sleigh, B. S. C. Leadbeater, and S. McCready. editors. 2000. A Century of Protozoology in Britain: The British Section of the Society of Protozoologists (BSSP).

Wake, M. H., and J. S. Pearse. organizers. 2003. The promise of integrative biology: Integrative Comp. Biol. 43 239–277.

Wakefield, T. S., and S. C. Kemp. 2001, Development of host- and symbiont-specific monoclonal antibodies and confirmation of the origin of the symbiosome membrane in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis: Biol. Bull. 200 127–143.

Wall, D. H., and R. A. Virginia. 2000, The world beneath our feet: soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: In: Raven, P. H. & Williams, T. (ed.), Nature and Human Society: the Quest for a Sustainable World. National Academy Press. p. 225–241.

Wallin, I. E. 1927, Symbionticism and the Origin of Species: Baillière, Tindall & Cox, London.

Wardle, D. A. 2002, Communities and Ecosystems: Linking the Aboveground and Belowground Components: Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Weiss, L. M. 2001, Microsporidia: emerging pathogenic protists: Acta Tropica. 78 89–102. Find this article on other systems

Wetherbee, R., R. A. Andersen, and J. D. Pickett-Heaps. editors. 1994. The Protistan Cell Surface: Protoplasma. 181 1–295. (Special edition). Find this article on other systems

Wetzel, R. G. 2001a, Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems: Academic Press, San Francisco.

Wetzel, R. G. 2001b, Protists: key ecosystem regulators: BioScience. 51 997 Find this article on other systems

Wheeler, Q., and R. Meier. 2000, Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: Columbia University Press, New York.

Whittaker, R. H., and L. Margulis. 1978, Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms: BioSystems. 10 3–18. Find this article on other systems

Wier, A., M. Dolan, D. Grimaldi, R. Guerrero, J. Wagensberg, and L. Margulis. 2002, Spirochete and protist symbionts of a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene amber: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 1410–1413. Find this article on other systems

Wilson, E. O. 1984, Biophilia. The Human Bond with Other Species: Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Wilson, F. O. 2002, The Future of Life: Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Wilson, E. O., and D. L. Perlman. 2000, Conserving Earth's Biodiversity: Island Press, Covelo, CA.

Wilson, E. O., and F. M. Peters. 1988, Biodiversity: National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Wilson, R. J. M. 1998, Plastid-like DNA in apicomplexans: In: Coombs, G. H., Vickerman, K., Sleigh, M. A. & Warren, A. (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Chp. 16. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 293–304.

Windsor, D. A. 1997, Equal rights for parasites: Perspect. Biol. Med. 40 222–229. Find this article on other systems

Windsor, D. A. 2000a, Biocartels—units of ecology and evolution based on host-symbiont interrelationships: Arch. SciAesth. Inst. 12 4–12.

Windsor, D. A. 2000b, Leveraged extinction: Arch. SciAesth. Inst. 12 71–73.

Woese, C. R. 1994, There must be a prokaryote somewhere: Microbiology's search for itself: Microbiol. Rev. 58 1–9. Find this article on other systems

Woese, C. R., O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis. 1990, Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87 4576–4579. Find this article on other systems

Xoon, H. S., J. Hackett, G. Pinto, and D. Bhattacharya. 2002, The single ancient origin of chromist plastids: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 15507–15512. Find this article on other systems

Young, J. 2003, Culture collections as the engine of multidisciplinary research on protists—the Coccolithophores tale: Symposium Presentation. Meeting, Society of Protozoologists, Gleneden Beach, Oregon. June 14–19, 2003.

Zauner, S., M. Fraunholz, J. Wastl, S. Penny, M. Beaton, T. Cavalier-Smith, U.-G. Maier, and S. Douglas. 2000, Chloroplast protein and centrosomal genes, a tRNA intron, and odd telomeres in an unusually compact eukaryotic genome, the cryptomonad nucleomorph: J. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97 200–203.

Zimmer, C. 2000, Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Nature's Most Dangerous Creatures: Free Press, New York.

Harper, James T., Waanders, Esme, Keeling, Patrick J. On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005 55: 487-496

Andersen R. A. 2004 Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae. American Journal of Botany 91: 1508-1508 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Arnold C. A. 1948 Classification of gymnosperms from the viewpoint of paleobotany. Botanical Gazette 110: 2-2 [ISI]

Bessey C. E. 1907 A synopsis of plant phyla. Nebraska University Studies 7: 275-275

Broadwater S. T. J. L. Scott 1994 Ultrastructure of unicellular red algae. In J. Seckbach [ed.], Evolutionary pathways and enigmatic algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and related cells, 215–230. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands

Butterfield N. J. 2000 Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology 26: 386-386 [ISI]

Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-104 [ISI][Medline]

Campbell S. E. 1980 Palaeoconchocelis starmachii, a carbonate boring microfossil from the Upper Silurian of Poland (425 million years old): implications for the evolution of the Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 19: 25-25 [ISI]

Campbell N. A. J. B. Reece 2002 Biology, 6th ed. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California, USA

Cavalier-Smith T. 1981 Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. BioSystems 14: 461-461 [ISI][Medline]

Cavalier-Smith T. 1998 A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203-203 [ISI][Medline]

Chapman D. J. W. J. Cole H. W. Siegelman 1968 Phylogenetic implications of phycocyanobilin and c-phycocyanin. American Journal of Botany 55: 314-314 [ISI]

Chapman D. J. 1974 Taxonomic status of Cyanidium caldarium the Porphyridiales and Goniotrichales. Nova Hedwigia 25: 673-673

Chadefaud M. 1960 Traité de botanique, tome I. Masson, Paris, France

Chadefaud M. 1965 Sur les organes réproducteurs et l'evolution des Rhodophycées: une hypothése. Revue Algologique NS 6: 225-225

Christensen T. 1962 Alger. In T.W. Böcher, M. Lange, and T. Sørensen (Redig.) [eds.], Botanik. Bind II. Systematisk botanik Nr. 2, 1–178. I Kommission hos Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark

Christensen T. 1978 Annotations to a textbook of phycology. Botanisk Tidsskrift 73: 65-65 [ISI]

Choi H. G. G. T. Kraft G. W. Saunders 2000 Nuclear small-subunit rDNA sequences from Ballia spp. (Rhodophyta): proposal of the Balliales ord. nov., Balliaceae fam. nov., Ballia nana sp. nov. and Inkyuleea gen. nov. (Ceramiales). Phycologia 39: 272-272 [ISI]

Cole K. E. Conway 1975 Phenetic implications of structural features of the perennating phase in the life history of Porphyra and Bangia (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 14: 239-239

Cole K. M. R. G. Sheath 1990 Biology of the red algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Coomans R. J. M. H. Hommersand 1990 Vegetative growth and organization. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 275–304. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Cronquist A. 1960 The divisions and classes of plants. Botanical Reviews 26: 425-425 [ISI]

Dixon P. S. 1973 Biology of the Rhodophyta. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Scotland

Doweld A. 2001 Prosyllabus tracheophytorum. GEOS, Moscow, USSR

Drew K. M. 1956 Conferva ceramicola Lyngbye. Botanisk Tidsskrift 53: 67-67

Feldmann J. 1952 Les cycles de reproduction des Algues et leurs rapports avec la phylogénie. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétale 13: 1-1

Fredericq S. M. H. Hommersand 1989 Proposal of the Gracilariales ord. nov. (Rhodophyta) based on an analysis of the reproductive development of Gracilaria verrucosa. Journal of Phycology 25: 213-213 [ISI]

Freshwater D. W. S. Fredericq B. S. Butler M. H. Hommersand M. W. Chase 1994 A gene phylogeny of the red algae (Rhodophyta) based on plastid rbcL. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 7281-7281 [Abstract]

Fritsch F. E. 1945 The structure and reproduction of the algae, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Gabrielson P. W. D. J. Garbary 1986 Systematics of red algae (Rhodophyta). CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 3: 325-325 [ISI]

Gabrielson P. W. D. J. Garbary R. F. Scagel 1985 The nature of the ancestral red alga: inferences from a cladistic analysis. BioSystems 18: 335-335 [ISI][Medline]

Garbary D. J. G. K. Hansen R. F. Scagel 1980 A revised classification of the Bangiophyceae (Rhodophyta). Nova Hedwigia 33: 145-145 [ISI]

Garbary D. J. P. W. Gabrielson 1990 Taxonomy and evolution. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 477–498. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Greuter W. J. McNeill F. R. Barrie H. M. Burdet V. Demoulin T. S. Filgueiras D. H. Nicolson P. C. Silva J. E. Skog P. Trehane N. J. Turland D. L. Hawksworth 2000 International code of botanical nomenclature (Saint Louis Code). Koeltz, Königstein, Germany

Gross W. I. Heilmann D. Lenze C. Schnarrenberger 2001 Biogeography of the Cyanidiaceae (Rhodophyta) based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequence data. European Journal of Phycology 36: 275-275 [ISI]

Guiry M. D. 1978 The importance of sporangia in the classification of the Florideophycidae. In D. E. G. Irvine and J. H. Price [eds.], Modern approaches to the taxonomy of red and brown algae, 111–144. Academic Press, London, UK

Guiry M. D. 1987 The evolution of life history types in the Rhodophyta: an appraisal. Cryptogamie Algologie 8: 1-1 [ISI]

Harper J. T. G. W. Saunders 2001 Molecular systematics of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta) using nuclear large and small subunit rDNA sequence data. Journal of Phycology 37: 1073-1073 [ISI]

Harper J. T. G. W. Saunders 2002 A re-classification of the Acrochaetiales based on molecular and morphological data, and establishment of the Colaconematales ord. nov. (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 37: 463-463 [ISI]

Harper J. T. G. W. Saunders In press Contemporary perspectives on florideophyte red algal systematics (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). In A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma [eds.], Plant genome: biodiversity and evolution, vol 2., Cryptogams. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, USA

Harvey W. H. 1836 Algae. In J. T. Mackay [ed.], Flora Hibernica, vol. 2, 157–256. Curry, Dublin, Ireland

Holton R. W. S. A. Boele-Bos W. T. Stam 1998 Phylogenetic relationships of the freshwater alga Boldia erythrosiphon (Compsopogonales, Rhodophyta) based on 18S rRNA gene sequences (note). Journal of Phycology 34: 555-555 [ISI]

Hommersand M. H. S. Fredericq 1988 An investigation of cystocarp development in Gelidium pteridifolium with a revised description of the Gelidiales (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 27: 254-254 [ISI]

Hommersand M. H. S. Fredericq 1990 Sexual reproduction and cystocarp development. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 305–345. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Huisman J. M. A. R. Sherwood I. A. Abbott 2003 Morphology, reproduction, and the 18S rRNA gene sequence of Pihiella liagoraciphila gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodophyta), the so-called ‘monosporangial discs’ associated with members of the Liagoraceae (Rhodophyta) and proposal of the Pihiellales ord. nov. Journal of Phycology 39: 978-978 [ISI]

Johnson J. H. 1960 Paleozoic Solenoporaceae and related red algae. Quarterly Report of the Colorado School of Mines 55: i-i, 1–77

Keeling P. J. 2004 The diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts. American Journal of Botany 91: 1481-1481 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kylin H. 1932 Die Florideenordnung Gigartinales. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift. N.F. Avd. 2, 28: 1–88, plates 1–28

Kylin H. 1956 Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen. Gleerups Förlag, Lund, Sweden

Lamouroux J. V. F. 1813 Essai sur les genres de la famille de Thalassiophytes non articulées. Annales du Muséum (National) d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 20: 21-21, 115–139, 267–293, seven plates

Lewin R. A. J. A. Robertson 1971 Influence of salinity on the form of Asterocytis in pure culture. Journal of Phycology 7: 236-236 [ISI]

Lewis L. A. R. M. McCourt 2004 Green algae and the origin of land plants. American Journal of Botany 91: 1535-1535 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lim B.-L. H. Kawai H. Hori S. Osawa 1986 Molecular evolution of 5S ribosomal RNA from red and brown algae. Japanese Journal of Genetics 61: 169-169 [ISI]

Linnaeus C. 1753 Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus tribialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Laurentii Salvi, Stockholm, Sweden

Maggs C. A. C. M. Pueschel 1989 Morphology and development of Ahnfeltia plicata (Rhodophyta): proposal of Ahnfeltiales ord. nov. Journal of Phycology 25: 333-333 [ISI]

Magne F. 1960 Le Rhodochaete parvula Thuret (Bangioidée) et sa reproduction sexuée. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 1: 407-407

Magne F. 1989 Classification et phylogénie des Rhodophycées. Cryptogamie Algologie 10: 101-101 [ISI]

Medlin L. K. W. H. C. F. Kooistra D. Potter G. W. Saunders R. A. Andersen 1997 Phylogenetic relationships of the ‘golden algae’ (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 11: 187–219

Merola A. R. Castaldo P. DeLuca R. Gambardella A. Musacchio R. Taddei 1981 Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae. Giornale Botanico Italiano 115: 189-189

Müller K. M. K. M. Cole R. G. Sheath 2003 Systematics of Bangia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in North America. II. Biogeographical trends in karyology: chromosome numbers and linkage with gene sequence phylogenetic trees. Phycologia 42: 209-209 [ISI]

Müller K. M. M. C. Oliveira R. G. Sheath D. Bhattacharya 2001 Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the Bangiophycidae (Rhodophyta) and the origin of secondary plastids. American Journal of Botany 88: 1390-1390 [Free Full Text]

Müller K. M. A. R. Sherwood C. M. Pueschel R. R. Gutell R. G. Sheath 2002 A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales. Journal of Phycology 38: 807-807 [ISI]

Muravenko O. V. I. O. Selyakh N. V. Kononenko I. N. Stadnichuk 2001 Chromosome numbers and nuclear DNA contents in the red microalgae Cyanidium caldarium and three Galdieria species. European Journal of Phycology 36: 227-227 [ISI]

Någeli C. 1847 Die neuern Algensysteme und Versuch zur Begründung eines eigenen Systems der Algae und Florideen. Schulthess, Zurich, Switzerland

Nelson W. A. J. E. Broom T. J. Farr 2003 Pyrophyllon and Chlidophyllon (Erythropeltidales, Rhodophyta): two new genera for obligate epiphytic species previously placed in Porphyra, and a discussion of the orders Erythropeltidales and Bangiales. Phycologia 42: 308-308 [ISI]

Oliveira M. C. D. Bhattacharya 2000 Phylogeny of the Bangiophycidae (Rhodophyta) and the secondary endosymbiotic origin of algal plastids. American Journal of Botany 87: 482-482 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Oliveira M. C. J. Kurniawan C. J. Bird E. L. Rice C. A. Murphy R. K. Singh R. R. Gutell M. A. Ragan 1995 A preliminary investigation of the order Bangiales (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) based on sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Phycological Research 43: 71-71

Oltmanns F. 1904–1905 Morphologie und Biologie der Algen, vol. 1. Fischer, Jena, Germany

Ott F. D. J. Seckbach 1994 New classification for the genus Cyanidium Geitler 1933. In J. Seckbach [ed.], Evolutionary pathways and enigmatic algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and related cells, 145–152. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands

Pinto G. P. Albertano C. Ciniglia S. Cozzolino A. Pollio H. S. Yoon D. Bhattacharya 2003 Comparative approaches to the taxonomy of the genus Galdieria Merola (Cyanidiales, Rhodophyta). Cryptogamie Algologie 24: 13-13 [ISI]

Pueschel C. M. 1990 Cell structure. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 7–41. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Pueschel C. M. 1994 Systematic significance of the absence of pit-plug cap membranes in the Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 30: 310-310 [ISI]

Pueschel C. M. K. M. Cole 1982 Rhodophycean pit plugs: an ultrastructural survey with taxonomic implications. American Journal of Botany 69: 703-703 [ISI]

Pueschel C. M. F. Magne 1987 Pit plugs and other ultrastructural features of systematic value in Rhodochaete parvula (Rhodophyta, Rhodochaetales). Cryptogamie Algologie 8: 201-201 [ISI]

Ragan M. A. C. J. Bird E. L. Rice R. R. Gutell C. A. Murphy R. K. Singh 1994 A molecular phylogeny of the marine red algae (Rhodophyta) based on the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 7276-7276 [Abstract]

Ragan M. A. R. R. Gutell 1995 Are red algae plants?. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 118: 81-81 [ISI]

Rintoul T. L. R. G. Sheath M. L. Vis 1999 Systematics and biogeography of the Compsopogonales (Rhodophyta) with emphasis on the freshwater families in North America. Phycologia 38: 517-517 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. J. C. Bailey 1997 Phylogenesis of pit-plug associated features in the Rhodophyta: inferences from molecular systematic data. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 1436-1436 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. J. C. Bailey 1999 Molecular systematic analyses indicate that the enigmatic Apophlaea is a member of the Hildenbrandiales (Rhodophyta, Florideophycidae). Journal of Phycology 35: 171-171 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. A. Chiovitti G. T. Kraft 2004 Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 3. Recognizing the Gigartinales sensu stricto. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 43-43 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. L. D. Druehl 1992 Nucleotide sequences of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes from selected Laminariales (Phaeophyta): implications for kelp evolution. Journal of Phycology 28: 544-544 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. G. T. Kraft 1994 Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 1. Evidence for the Plocamiales ord. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 1250-1250 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. G. T. Kraft 1996 Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 2. Recognition of the Halymeniales ord. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 694-694 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. G. T. Kraft 1997 A molecular perspective on red algal evolution: focus on the Florideophycidae. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 11: 115–138

Saunders G. W. G. T. Kraft 2002 Two new Australian species of Predaea (Nemastomataceae, Rhodophyta) with taxonomic recommendations for an emended Nemastomatales and expanded Halymeniales. Journal of Phycology 38: 1245-1245 [ISI]

Saunders G. W. G. Kraft I. H. Tan L. D. Druehl 1992 When is a family not a family?. BioSystems 28: 109-109 [ISI][Medline]

Schmitz F. 1892 [6. Klasse Rhodophyceae] 2. Unterklasse Florideae. In A. Engler [ed.], Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch– pharmaceutische Botanik ...Grosse Ausgabe, 16–23. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, Germany

Scott J. L. S. Broadwater 1989 Ultrastructure of vegetative organization and cell division in the freshwater red alga Compsopogon. Protoplasma 152: 112-112 [ISI]

Scott J. S. Broadwater 1990 Cell division. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 123–145. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Scott J. L. S. T. Broadwater B. D. Saunders J. P. Thomas 1992 Ultrastructure of vegetative organization and cell division in the unicellular red alga Dixoniella grisea gen. nov. (Rhodophyta) and a consideration of the genus Rhodella. Journal of Phycology 28: 649-649 [ISI]

Seckbach J. 1987 Evolution of eukaryotic cells via bridge algae, the cyanidia connection. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 503: 424-424 [ISI]

Seckbach J. 1999 The Cyanidiophyceae: hot spring acidophilic algae. In J. Seckbach [ed.], Enigmatic microorganisms and life in extreme environments, 427–435. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands

Seckbach J. E. Gonvález I. M. Wainwright W. Gross 1992 Peroxisomal function in the Cyanidiophyceae (Rhodophyta): a discussion of phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of microbodies (peroxisomes). Nova Hedwigia 55: 99-99 [ISI]

Seckbach J. F. D. Ott 1994 Systematic position and phylogenetic status of Cyanidium Geitler 1933. In J. Seckbach [ed.], Evolutionary pathways and enigmatic algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and related cells, 133–143. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands

Sheath R. G. K. M. Müller 1999 Systematic status and phylogenetic relationships of the freshwater genus Balbiania (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 35: 855-855 [ISI]

Silva P. C. 1996 Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. In P. C. Silva, P. W. Basson, and R. L. Moe [eds.], Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean, 910–937. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA

Silva P. C. H. W. Johansen 1986 A reappraisal of the order Corallinales (Rhodophyceae). British Phycological Journal 21: 245-245 [ISI]

Skuja H. 1939 Versuch einer systematischen Einteilung der Bangioideen oder Protoflorideen. Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis 11: /12 23-23

Tappan H. 1976 Possible eucaryotic algae (Bangiophycidae) among early Proterozoic microfossils. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87: 633-633 [ISI]

Thuret G. 1855 Note sur un nouveau genre d'algues, de la famille des Floridées. Feuardent, Cherbourg. Reprinted as Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 3: 155–160, two plates

West J. A. M. H. Hommersand 1981 Rhodophyta: life histories. In C. S. Lobban and M. J. Wynne [eds.], The biology of seaweeds, 133– 193. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK

Wettstein A. 1901 Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Leipzig, Vienna, Austria

Woelkerling W. J. 1990 An introduction. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 1–6. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Wray J. L. 1977 Calcareous algae. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Wynne M. J. 1986 Checklist of the benthic marine algae of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Botany 64: 2239-2239 [ISI]

Xiao S. Y. Zhang A. H. Knoll 1998 Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite. Nature 391: 553-553 [ISI]

Yamanouchi S. 1906 The life history of Polysiphonia violacea. Botanical Gazette 42: 401-401

Yoon H. S. J. D. Hackett D. Bhattacharya 2002a A single origin of the peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing plastids in dinoflagellates through tertiary endosymbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 11724-11724 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Yoon H. S. J. D. Hackett G. Pinto D. Bhattacharya 2002b The single, ancient origin of chromist plastids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 15507-15507 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Yoon H. S. J. Hackett C. Ciniglia G. Pinto D. Bhattacharya 2004 A molecular timeline for the origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: Advance access

Zhang Y. L. Yin S. Xiao A. H. Knoll 1998 Permineralized fossils from the terminal Proterozoic Doushantuo Formation, South China. Journal of Paleontology 72: (Supplement 4) 1-1

Zuccarello G. J. West A. Bitans G. Kraft 2000 Molecular phylogeny of Rhodochaete parvula (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 39: 75-75 [ISI]