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CLASS
NYMPHAEOPSIDA: BASAL ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES (3 ORDERS; 5-7 FAMILIES)
Carpel margins sealed by a secretion; carpels develop like a tube;
elongate stigma with a short style; stamens show poor differentiation between
the filament and anther; pollen
monosulcate; generally insect-pollinated;
flowers actinomorphic with free floral parts;
perianth of tepals;
fruits variable; usually without vessels. This group, as are most basal
groups, is paraphyletic. 3 orders
ORDER AMBORELLALES
Amborellaceae:
Amborella
ORDER AUSTROBAILEYALES
Illiciaceae (Star Anise family):
Illicium.
Schisandraceae:
Schisandra, Kadsura.
Chloranthaceae:
ORDER NYMPHAEALES
Rhizomatous aquatic herbaceous plants;
vascular bundles scattered with
large canals. Flowers perfect
and actinomorphic with four to twelve
tepals, whorls intergrading from peltaloid to stamenoid; stamens 3-many;
pollen monosulcate or without apertures. Carpels three to many;
stigmas elongate and radiate on an expanded disk; one to many ovules; no
nectaries. Fruits variable: berries, capsules,
nuts. Seeds
operculate, endosperm present or absent; abundant perisperm. 1 family
NYMPHAEACEAE (includes Barclayaceae and Cabobombaceae; Water Lily
family):
Nymphaea, Nuphar, Cabomba, Brasenia, Barclayea, Ondinea, Victoria,
Euryale.
Nymphaea.
CLASS
MAGNOLIOPSIDA: MAGNOLIID COMPLEX (5 ORDERS; 18 FAMILIES)
Flowers usually with numerous spirally-arranged parts (or in whorls of
three); stamens laminar in the woody magnoliids, but well-differentiated in
the herbaceous taxa. 4 orders
ORDER MAGNOLIALES
Trees, shrubs or vines. No vessels. Leaves simple with
stipules. Perianth of free tepals.
Stamens many and petaloid.
Fruits usually follicles. This order contains 4 families, of which Magnoliaceae is the
representative family.
MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia family): Plants stipulate;
inflorescence a solitary terminal flower which has an elongate receptacle.
Fruit an aggregate of follicles.
Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Liriodendron,
Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, Pachylarnax
Magnolia.
Annonaceae (Pawpaw family):
Afroguatteria, Alphonsea, Ambavia, Anaxagorea,
Ancana, Annickia, Annona, Anomianthus, Anonidium,
Artabotrys, Asimina, Asteranthe, Balonga, Bocagea,
Bocageopsis, Boutiquea, Cananga, Cardiopetalum, Chieniodendron,
Cleistochlamys, Cleistopholis, Cremastosperma, Cyathocalyx,
Cyathostemma, Cymbopetalum, Dasoclema, Dasymaschalon,
Deeringothamnus, Dendrokingstonia, Dennettia, Desmopsis,
Desmos, Diclinanona, Dielsiothamnus, Disepalum, Duckeanthus,
Duguetia, Ellipeia, Ellipeiopsis, Enicosanthum, Ephedranthus,
Exellia, Fissistigma, Fitzalania, Friesodielsia,
Froesiodendron, Fusaea, Gilbertiella, Goniothalamus,
Greenwayodendron, Guamia, Guatteria, Guatteriella,
Guatteriopsis, Haplostichanthus, Heteropetalum, Hexalobus,
Hornschuchia, Isolona, Letestudoxa, Lettowianthus,
Malmea, Marsypopetalum, Meiocarpidium, Meiogyne,
Melodorum, Mezzettia, Mezzettiopsis, Miliusa, Mischogyne,
Mitrella, Mitrephora, Mkilua, Monanthotaxis, Monocarpia,
Monocyclanthus, Monodora, Neostenanthera, Neo-uvaria,
Oncodostigma, Onychopetalum, Ophrypetalum, Oreomitra,Orophea,
Oxandra, Pachypodanthium, Papualthia, Petalolophus,
Phaeanthus, Phoenicanthus, Piptostigma, Platymitra,
Polyalthia, Polyaulax, Polyceratocarpus, Popowia,
Porcelia, Pseudartabotrys, Pseudephedranthus, Pseudoxandra,
Pseuduvaria, Pyramidanthe, Raimondia, Reedrollinsia,
Richella, Rollinia, Ruizodendron, Sageraea, Sapranthus,
Schefferomitra, Sphaerocoryne, Stelechocarpus, Stenanona,
Tetrameranthus, Tetrapetalum, Toussaintia, Tridimeris,
Trigynaea, Trivalvaria, Unonopsis, Uvaria, Uvariastrum,
Uvariodendron, Uvariopsis, Woodiellantha, Xylopia.
Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family):
Bicniba, Brochoneura, Cephalosphaera,
Coelocaryon, Compsoneura, Endocomia, Gymnacranthera,
Haematodendron, Horsfieldia, Iryanthera, Knema, Mauloutchia,
Myristica, Osteophloeum, Otoba, Pycnanthus, Scyphocephalium,
Staudtia, Virola.
Degeneriaceae:
Degeneria.
ORDER LAURALES
Lauraceae (Laurel family):
Actinodaphne, Adenodaphne, Aiouea, Alseodaphne,
Anaueria, Aniba, Apollonias, Aspidostemon, Beilschmiedia,
Brassiodendron, Caryodaphnopsis, Chlorocardium, Cinnadenia,
Cinnamomum, Clinostemon, Cryptocarya, Dehaasia, Dicypellium,
Dodecadenia, Endiandra, Endlicheria, Eusideroxylon,
Gamanthera, Hexapora, Hypodaphnis, Iteadaphne, Kubitzkia,
Laurus, Licaria, Lindera, Litsea, Mezilaurus,
Nectandra, Neocinnamomum, Neolitsea, Nothaphoebe,
Ocotea, Paraia, Persea, Phoebe, Phyllostemonodaphne,
Pleurothyrium, Potameia, Potoxylon, Povedadaphne,
Ravensara, Rhodostemonodaphne, Sassafras, Syndiclis,
Triadodaphne, Umbellularia, Urbanodendron, Williamodendron.
Calycanthaceae:
Calycanthus, Chimonanthus, Sinocalycanthus
Hernandiaceae:
Hernandia, Illigera, Sparttanthelium, Gyrocarpus,
Hazomalania.
Monimiaceae:
Austromatthaea, Decarydendron, Dryadodaphne,
Ephippiandra, Faikea, Hedycarya, Hennecartia, Hortonia,
Kairoa, Kibara, Kibaropsis, Lauterbachia, Levieria,
Macropeplus, Macrotorus, Matthaea, Mollinedia,
Monimia, Palmeria, Parakibara, Peumus, Steganthera,
Tambourissa (Ambora), Tetrasynandra, Wilkiea, Xymalos.
Siparunaceae
Siparuna, Bracteanthus, Glossocalyx.
ORDER CANELLALES
Winteraceae (Winter's Bark family):
Drimys, Belliolum, Bubbia, Exospermum,
Pseudowintera, Takhtajania, Tasmannia, Tetrathalamus,
Zygogynum.
Canellaceae:
Canella, Capiscodendron, Cinnamodendron,
Cinnamosma, Pleiodendron, Warburgia.
ORDER PIPERALES
Piperaceae (Pepper family):
Circaeocarpus (= Zippelia), Lindeniopiper,
Ottonia, Piper, Pothomorphe, Sarcorhachis, Trianaeopiper,
Zippelia (~ Piper).
Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman's Pipe family):
Apama, Aristolochia, Asarum, Euglypha,
Holostylis, Saruma, Thottea.
Lactoridaceae:
Lactoris.
Saururaceae:
Anemopsis, Gymnotheca, Houttuynia,
Saururus.
Hydnoraceae:
Hydnora, Prosopanche.
CLASS
LILIOPSIDA: MONOCOTS (10 ORDERS; 61-70 FAMILIES)
Leaves with parallel veins; monocot condition in the seed; monosulcate
pollen; three-merous flowers in two whorls. Atactostelic stems.
THE NON-COMMELINOIDS
ORDER ACORALES
Acoraceae
Acorus.
ORDER ALISMATALES
This order is well defined by molecular analyses; however,
morphological synapomorphies are unclear. A synapomorphy may be the occurrence
of stems with small scales; glandular hairs within the sheathing leaf bases;
extrorse anthers; and large embryo within the seed.
ALISMATACEAE (includes Limnocharitaceae; Water Plantain family): Perennial aquatic or semi-aquatic herbs.
Much aerenchyma. Xylem sparsely
lignified; vessels confined to
roots.
Vascular bundles scattered or in 2 concentric rings. Leaves alternate
and clustered at the tip of the rhizome; somewhat ensheathing at the
base; sometimes differentiated into petiole and blade. Inflorescence
usually cymes or racemes (rarely solitary). Flowers
actinomorphic and
3-merous (3 green sepals and 3 white petals);
stamens 3-many. Pollen
usually with many pores. Gynoecium of 3-20
apocarpous (separate or
unfused) pistils, each with 1-many ovules.
Alisma, Baldellia, Burnatia, Caldesia,
Damasonium, Echinodorus, Limnophyton, Luronium,
Ranalisma, Sagittaria, Wiesneria.
Echinodorus.
ARACEAE (Arum family): Usually herbs, rarely vines or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, basal. Petiole sheathing and the leaf blade expanded
with reticulate or net veins. Inflorescence a
spadix subtended by a
spathe (a bract) with tiny perfect or
imperfect flowers. Perianth often tiny or
missing. Pollen grains 2-3 nucleate and usually 1 aperture. Gynoecium of
3 fused carpels. Fruit a berry or a multiple. Embryo large in copious
oily endosperm.
Aglaodorum, Aglaonema, Alloschemone, Alocasia,
Ambrosina, Amorphophallus, Amydrium, Anadendrum,
Anaphyllopsis, Anaphyllum, Anchomanes, Anthurium,
Anubias, Aridarum, Ariopsis, Arisaema, Arisarum,
Arophyton, Arum, Asterostigma, Biarum, Bognera,
Bucephalandra, Caladium, Calla, Callopsis, Carlephyton,
Cercestis, Chlorospatha, Colletogyne, Colocasia,
Cryptocoryne, Culcasia, Cyrtosperma, Dieffenbachia,
Dracontioides, Dracontium, Dracunculus, Eminium,
Epipremnum, Filarum, Furtodoa, Gearum, Gonatanthus,
Gonatopus, Gorgonidium, Gymnostachys, Hapaline,
Helicodiceros, Heteroaridarum, Heteropsis, Holochlamys,
Homalomena, Hottarum, Jasarum, Lagenandra, Lasia,
Lasimorpha, Lysichiton, Mangonia, Monstera, Montrichardia,
Nephthytis, Orontium, Pedicellarum, Peltandra,
Philodendron, Phymatarum, Pinellia, Piptospatha,
Pistia, Podolasia, Pothoidium, Pothos, Protarum,
Pseudodracontium, Pseudohydrosme, Pycnospatha, Remusatia,
Raphidophora, Rhodospatha, Sauromatum, Scaphispatha,
Schismatoglottis, Scindapsus, Spathantheum, Spathicarpa,
Spathiphyllum, Stenospermation, Steudnera, Stylochaeton,
Symplocarpus, Synandrospadix, Syngonium, Taccarum,
Theriophonum, Typhonium, Typhonodorum, Ulearum,
Urospatha, Urospathella, Xanthosoma, Zamiculcas,
Zantedeschia, Zomicarpa, Zomicarpella.
Arisaema.
Lemnaceae
Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia, Wolffiella, Wolffiopsis.
Hydrocharitaceae (includes Najadaceae; Frog's Bit family):
Apalanthe, Appertiella, Blyxa, Egeria, Elodea,
Enhalus, Halophila, Hydrilla, Hydrocharis, Lagarosiphon,
Limnobium, Maidenia, Nechamandra, Ottelia, Stratiotes,
Thalassia, Vallisneria.
Najadaceae
Najas.
Potomogetonaceae (Pondweed family):
Groenlandia, Potamogeton, Ruppia, Stukenia.
Butomaceae:
Butomus.
Cymodoceaceae:
Cymodocea, Halodule, Syringodium, Amphibolis, Thalassodendron.
Posidoniaceae:
Posidonia.
Melanthiaceae:
Aletris, Amianthium, Chamaelirium, Chionographis,
Harperocallis, Helonias, Heloniopsis, Japonolirion,
Lophiola, Melanthium, Metanarthecium, Narthecium,
Nietneria, Petrosavia, Pleea, Protolirion, Schoenocaulon,
Stenanthium, Tofieldia, Veratrum, Xerophyllum,
Ypsilandra, Zigadenus.
Zannichelliaceae:
Althenia, Lepilaena, Pseudalthenia, Vleisia,
Zannichellia.
Zosteraceae:
Heterozostera, Phyllospadix, Zostera.
ORDER LILIALES
Usually geophytic perennial herbs growing by bulbs or corms.
Vessels confined to the roots.
Leaves usually simple and entire. Tepals in 2 series of 3. Nectaries at the
base of the tepals and filaments; no septal nectaries. Usually as many
stamens as tepals; pollen binucleate. Gynoecium
epigynous
or hypogynous; usually of 3 fused carpels.
Fruit usually a capsule but often
a berry or drupe.
Seeds with abundant endosperm (hemicellulose, oil and
protein). This order has 8 families, of which Liliaceae is the
representative family.
LILIACEAE (Lily family): Geophyte herbs that grow from bulbs with
contractile roots; megagametophyte develops from 4 megaspores such that the
endosperm is pentaploid.
Cardiocrinum, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Gagea, Lilium, Lloydia,
Medeola(?), Nomocharis, Notholirion(?), Tulipa.
Lilium.
Uvulariaceae (Bellflower family):
Clintonia, Disporum, Kreysigia, Kuntheria, Medeola(?), Prosartes,
Schelhammera, Scoliopus(?), Streptopus, Tricyrtis, Tripladenia, Uvularia.
Colchicaceae:
Androcymbium, Anguillaria, Baeometra, Burchardia (? — lacking
colchicine and related compounds), Colchicum, Gloriosa, Hexacyrtis,
Iphigenia, Littonia, Neodregea, Onixotis, Ornithoglossum, Sandersonia,
Wurmbea, etc. (Dahlgren et al., 1985).
Smilacaceae (Catbrier family):
Heterosmilax, Pseudosmilax, Smilax.
Melanthiaceae (Death Camas family):
Toxicoscordion (?), Anticlea (?), Aletris, Amianthium, Chamaelirium,
Chionographis, Harperocallis, Helonias, Heloniopsis, Japonolirion, Lophiola,
Melanthium, Metanarthecium, Narthecium, Nietneria, Petrosavia, Pleea,
Protolirion, Schoenocaulon, Stenanthium, Tofieldia, Veratrum, Xerophyllum,
Ypsilandra, Zigadenus.
Geosiridaceae
Geosiris
Trilliaceae (Trillium family):
Trillium.
Alstroemeriaceae:
Alistroemeria, Bomarea, Leontochir, Schickendantzia.
Calochortaceae:
Calichortus.
Ripogonaceae
Ripogonum
ORDER NARTHECIALES
Nartheciaceae:
Narthecium, Nietneria, Aletris, Metanarthecium, Lophiola.
ORDER ASPARAGALES
This order has characteristic seeds in which the outer
integument is missing
or reduced to a black phytomelan crust (a character that is lost in the
orchids), Tepals are often without
spots; nectaries are part of the ovulary (not at the base of the
tepal).
This order has 25 families and 26,800 species.
ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid family): Usually epiphytic,
geophytic ot terrestrial herbs. They are strongly
mycotrophic. Leaves usually with an ensheathing leaf base; but sometimes
the leaf is highly modified. Flowers usually strongly
zygomorphic, epigynous; 3-merous; often with only 1-2
stamens. Pollen binucleate and
monosulcate (or exine lacking entirely). Gynoecium of 3 fused carpels; the
fruit is capsular. Seeds are very numerous and tiny, without
endosperm;
embryo usually of only a few cells (thus, usually cotyledon
undifferentiated). Orchidaceae is a very large and diverse
family (~775 genera and >21,950 species). Thus, I have organized
the following representative genera according to subfamily groupings.
Apostasia, Neuwiedia, Apostasia.
Cypripedium, Phragmipedium, Selenipedium, Paphiopedilum.
Epipactis, Cephalanthera, Sinorchis, Tangtsinia, Limodorum,
Epipogium, Neottia, Diplandrorchis, Goodyera, Listera, Ludisia,
Anoectochilus, Zeuxine, Spiranthes, Cranichis, Ponthieva.
Arethusa, Sobralia, Elleanthus, Phaius, Calanthe, Bletia,
Vanilla, Galeola, Nervilia, Gastrodia, Epipogium, Stereosandra, Coelogyne,
Pleione, Liparis, Malaxis, Hammarbya, Oberonia, Calypso, Yoania,
Epidendrum, Encyclia, Laelia, Cattleya, Eria, Pleurothallus, Stelis,
Masdevallia, Restrepia, Dracula, Dendrobium, Flickingeria, Bulbophyllum,
Polystachya, Eulophia, Ansellia, Cymbidium, Grammatophyllum, Catasetum,
Stanhopea, Gongora, Oncidium, Odontoglossum, Miltonia, Brassia,
Corallorhiza, Zygopetalum, Lycaste, Maxillaria, Phalaenopsis, Aerides,
Vanda, Arachnis, Renanthera, Cleistostoma, Aerangis, Taeniophyllum,
Microcoelia, Angraecum.
Bipinnula, Chloraea, Gavilea, Caladenia, Pterostylis, Corybas,
Diuris, Thelymitra, Rhizanthella, Prasophyllum,, Habenaria, Orchis,
Dactylorhiza, Ophrys, Anacamptis, Plantanthera, Gymnadenia, Cynorkis,
Peristylus, Disa, Satyrium, Disperis.
Habenaria.
Calopogon, Cleistes Isotria, Pogonia, Liparis,
Malaxis, Aplectrum, Tipularia.
Asparagaceae (Asparagus family):
Asparagus, Hemiphylacus, Myrsiphyllum, Protasparagus.
Rusaceae (includes Convallariaceae, Nolinaceae, Dracaenaceae; Butcher's
Broom family):
Dracaena, Polygonatum, Sansevieria, Maianthemum, Ophiopogon, Nolina,
Convallaria, Dasylirion, Liriope.
Agavaceae (Agave family):
Hosta, Camassia, Chlorogalum, Hastingsia, Hesperoyucca, Schoenolirion,
Agave, Beschorneria, Furcraea, Hesperaloë, Littaea, Manfreda, Polianthes,
Prochnyanthes, Yucca.
Hostaceae (=Funkiaceae)
Hosta, Leucocrinum (or Anthericaceae), Hesperocallis
Hyacinthaceae (Hyacinth family):
Albuca, Alrawia, Amphisiphon, Androsiphon, Barnardia, Battandiera,
Bellevalia, Brimeura, Bowiea, Camassia, Chionodoxa, Chlorogalum, Daubenya,
Dipcadi, Drimia, Drimiopsis, Eliokarmos, Eucomis, Fortunatia,
Galtonia, Hyacynthella, Hyacynthoides (= Endymion), Hyacynthus, Lachenalia,
Ledebouria, Leopoldia, Litanthus, Massonia, Muscari, Muscarimia,
Neobakeria, Neopatersonia, Ornithogalum, Periboea, Paradisea (or
Asphodelaceae?), Polyxena, Pseudogaltonia, Puschkinia, Resnova,
Rhadamanthus, Rhodocodon, Schizobasis, Schizocarphus, Schoenolirion,
Scilla, Tenicroa, Thuranthos, Urginea, Veltheimia, Whiteheadia.
Alliaceae (Onion family):
Agapanthus, Allium, Ancrumia, Androstephium, Behria, Bessera, Bloomeria,
Brodiaea, Dandya, Dichellostemma, Diphalangium, Erinna, Garaventia, Gethyum,
Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Miersia, Milla, Milula, Nectaroscordum,
Nothoscordum, Milla, Muilla, Pabellonia, Petronymphe, Schickendantziella,
Solaria, Speea, Trichlora, Tristagma, Triteleia, Triteleiopsis, Tulbaghia,
Zoellnerallium.
Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis or Daffodil family):
Amaryllis, Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Bokkeveldia, Boophone, Bravoa,
Brunsvigia, Caliphruria, Calostemma, Carpolyza, Chlidanthus, Choananthus,
Clivia, Cooperia, Crinum, Cryptostephanus, Cybistetes, Cyrtanthus, Eucharis,
Eucrosia, Eustephia, Galanthus, Gemmaria, Gethyllis, Griffinia, Habranthus,
Haemanthus, Hannonia, Hessea, Hieronymiella, Hippeastrum, Hymenocallis, Ismene,
Lapiedra, Leptochiton, Leucojum, Lycoris, Namaquanula, Narcissus, Nerine,
Pamianthe, Pancratium, Paramongaia Phaedranassa, Phycella, Placea, Proiphys (Eurycles),
Pucara, Pyrolirion, Rauhia, Rhodophiala, Scadoxus, Sprekelia, Stenomesson,
Sternbergia, Strumaria, Tapeinanthus, Tedingea, Traubia, Ungernia, Urceolina,
Vagaria, Vallota, Worsleya, Zephyranthes
Asphodelaceae (Aloe family):
Aloe, Hawthoria, Gasteria, Kniphofia, Bulbine.
Iridaceae (Iris family):
Ainea, Alophia, Anomatheca, Aristea, Babiana, Barnardiella, Belamcanda,
Bobartia, Calydorea, Cardenanthus, Chasmanthe, Cipura, Cobana, Crocosmia,
Crocus, Cypella, Devia, Dierama, Dietes, Diplarrhena, Duthiastrum, Eleutherine,
Ennealophus, Ferraria, Fosteria, Freesia, Galaxia, Geissorhiza, Gelasine,
Geosiris, Gladiolus, Gynandriris, Herbertia, Hermodactylus, Hesperantha,
Hesperoxiphion, Hexaglottis, Homeria, Homoglossum, Iris, Isophysis, Ixia,
Kelissa, Klattia, Lapeirousia, Lethia, Libertia, Mastigostyla, Melasphaerula,
Micranthus, Moraea, Nemastylis, Neomarica, Nivenia, Olsynium, Onira,
Orthrosanthus, Pardanthopsis, Patersonia, Pillansia, Pseudotrimezia,
Radinosiphon, Rheome, Roggeveldia, Romulea, Savannosiphon, Schizostylis,
Sessilanthera, Sisyrinchium, Solenomelus, Sparaxis, Sympa, Syringodea, Tapeina,
Thereianthus, Tigridia, Trimezia, Tritonia, Tritoniopsis, Tucma, Watsonia,
Wisenia, Zygotritonia.
Agapanthaceae:
Agapanthus.
Hypoxidaceae:
Hypoxis, Spiloxene, Curculigo, Molineria, Hypoxidia, Empodium,
Rhodohypoxis, Pauridia, Saniella.
Themidaceae:
Themida.
Xanthorrhoeaceae:
Xanthorrhoea.
ORDER DIOCORIALES
Dioscoriaceae (Yam family):
Borderea, Dioscorea, Epipetrum, Rajania, Tamus.
Burmanniaceae:
Hexapterella, Campylosiphon, Burmannia, Cymbocarpa, Gymnosiphon,
Miersiella, Marthella, Apteria, Dictyostega.
Taccaceae:
Schizocapsa, Tacca.
COMMELINOID CLADE
ORDER ARECALES
Mostly slender trees or stout shrubs with an unbranched trunk covered
by persistent leaf bases. Leaves evergreen, alternate and very large with a
basal sheath, a petiole and an expanded pinnately parallel blade. The blade
may be either pinnately or palmately compound, no axillary buds.
Inflorescenses large, paniculate and subtended by 1 or more spathes. Flowers
perfect or imperfect; monoecious or dioecious.
Flowers actinomorphic; 3
sepals and 3 petals; 6 stamens in 2 series of 3.
Gynoecium a compound pistil
of 3 fused carpels. Fruits berries or drupes.
Endosperm large and embryo
very small. This order has only 1 family.
ARECACEAE (Palmae; Palm family):
Trithrinax, Thrinax, Trachycarpus, Rhaphidophyllum, Chamaerops,
Rhaphis, Livistona, Licuala, Pritchardia, Copernicia, Washingtonia, Corypha,
Sabal.
Borassodendron, Latania, Borassus, Lodoicea, Hyphaene, Medemia,
Bismarckia.
Eremospatha, Eugeissona, Metroxylon, Salacca, Daemonorops, Calamus,
Plectocomia, Rhaphia, Oncocalamus, Mauritia, Lepidocaryum.
Nypa.
Pseudophoenix, Ceroxylon, Juania, Ravenea, Hyophorbe, Chamaedorea.
Arenga, Caryota, Wallichia, Iriartella, Wettinia, Podococcus,
Orania, Manicaria, Leopoldinia, Rheinhardtia, Phloga, Dypsis, Euterpe,
Roystonea, Archotopphoenix, Cyrtostachys, Linospadix, Howea, Ptychosperma,
Pinanga, Areca, Alsmithia, Iguanura, Oncosperma, Butia, Jubaea, Cocos,
Elaeis, Bactris, Geonoma.
Cocos.
Palandra, Phytelephas, Ammandra, Phoenix, Serenoa, Coccothrinax,
Roystonea.
ORDER COMMELINALES
Commelinaceae (Spiderwort family):
Tradescantia, Calisia, Tripogandra, Coelotrype, Amischotolype, Cyanotis,
Dichorisandra, Streptolirion, Commelina, Aneilema, Murdannia, Floscopa, Pollia.
Cartonema, Triceratella.
Haemodoraceae (Bloodwort family):
Haemodorum, Lachnanthes, Dilatris, Schiekia, Pyrorhiza, Xiphidium,
Barberetta, Wachendorfia.
Pontederiaceae (Water Hyacinth family):
Eichornia, Monochoria, Scholleropsis, Heteranthera, Hydrothrix,
Pontederia.
Philydraceae:
Helmholtzia, Philydrum, Philydrella.
ORDER POALES
The monophyly of this group is well supported. Morphological
synapomorphies include silica bodies in the epidermis, styles separate or
strongly branched, no septal nectaries or raphide crystals. This order
has 18 families and 14,500 species.
BROMELIACEAE (Bromeliad family): Usually epiphytic herbs (sometimes
terrestrial). Leaves alternate and forming a rosette, many of which are
adapted to collecting rain water. Flowers perfect, well adapted to insect
pollination. Pollen with 2-3 pores. Fruit usually fleshy (a
berry) or a capsule. Embryo variable, small to large; with copious, mealy
endosperm.
Pitcairnia, Navia, Puya, Lindmania, Abromeitella,
Hechtia, Brocchinia,
Tillandsia, Vriesea, Guzmania, Catopsis, Glomeropitcairnia.
Neoregelia, Greigia, Nidularium, Cryptanthus, Bromelia,
Acanthostachys, Fascicularia, Canistrum, Hohenbergia, Aechemia, Bilbergia,
Neoglaziovia, Pseudoananas, Ananas.
Ananas.
POACEAE (Gramineae; Grass family): Perennial herbs (rarely annual); sometimes
woody, but always without secondary growth. Cell walls often contain
silica. Leaves in 2 ranks with a basal sheath and a narrow
parallel-veined blade; an adaxial ligule is usually present at the
junction of the sheath and blade. Flowers very small and organized into
spikes or spikelets which are organized into secondary inflorescences.
Flowers perfect or imperfect; enclosed between a pair of scales.
Pollen
grains trinucleate and with one
aperture. This
is an enormous family that includes the most economically important food
species (sugar cane and almost all of the grains). The family is so large that I have listed the following
genera according to subfamily according to the Grass Phylogeny Working
Group (2001).
Anomochlooideae: Anomochloa, Streptochaeta
Pharoideae: Pharus
Puelioideae: Guaduella, Puelia
BEP Clade
Bambusoideae: Arundinaria, Bambusa, Chusquea, Phyllostachys, Sasa,
Schizostachyum, Pharus.
Ehrhartoideae: Oryza, Leersia, Zizania, Zizaniopsis, Luziola,
Hydrochloa.
Pooideae: Agropyron, Agrostis, Aira, Alopecurus,
Ampelodesmos, Anisopogon, Anthoxanthum, Avena, Brachyelytrum,
Brachypodium, Briza, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Catabrosa, Cinna,
Dactylis, Deschampsia, Diarrhena, Elymus, Festuca, Glyceria, Holcus,
Hordeum, Hystrix, Limnodea, Lolium, Lygeum, Melica,
Monerma, Nardus, Nassella, Oryzopsis,Parapholis,
Phaenosperma, Phalaris, Phleum, Piptatherum,
Piptochaetium, Poa, Polypogon, Schizachne,
Secale, Sitanion, Sphenopholis, Stipa,
Trisetum, Triticum, Vulpia
PACCAD Clade
Panicoidea: Amphicarpum, Andropogon, Anthaenantia,
Arthraxon, Axonopus, Bothriochloa, Brachiaria, Cenchrus, Coelorachis, Coix,
Cymbopogon, Dicanthium,
Dichanthelium,
Digitaria, Echinochloa,
Echinolochia, Elyonurus, Eremochloa, Erianthus, Eriochloa,
Heteropogon, Hyparrhenia, Imperata, Lasiacus, Leptoloma, Manisurus,
Melinis, Miscanthus, Opilsmenus, Panicum, Paspalidium, Paspalum,
Pennisetum, Reimarochloa, Rhynchelytrum, Saccharum, Sacciolepis,
Schizachyrium, Setaria,
Sorgastrum, Sorghastrum, Sorghum, Stenotaphorum, Stenotaphrum, Tripsacum,
Urochloa, Zea
Arundinoideae: Arundo, Phragmites, Cortaderia,
Chloridoideae: Chloris, Ctenium, Cynodon, Dactyloctenium, Distichlis,
Eleusine, Eragrostis, Gymnopogon, Leptochloa, Muhlenbergia, Neyraudia, Spartina,
Sporobolus, Tridens, Triplasis, Uniola, Zoysia
Uniola.
Ctenothecoideae: Chasmanthium.
Aristidoideae: Erioneuron, Munroa, Redfeldia, Calamovilfa,
Lycurus, Blepharoneuron, Tripogon, Hilaria, Schedonardus, Trichloris,
Bouteloua, Buchloe, Cathestecum, Aegopogon, Tragus, Distichlis, Allolepis,
Monanthochloe, Pappophorum, Enneapogon, Cottea, Orcuttia, Neostapfia,
Aristida, Stipagrostis
Danthonioideae: Merxmuellera, Karroochloa, Astrodanthonia,
Danthonia
Incertae Sedis: Micaria, Molinia, Schismus,
Typhaceae (includes Sparganiaceae; Cattail family):
Sparganium, Typha.
Eriocaulaceae (Pipewort family):
Paepalanthus, Eriocaulon, Syngonanthus, Leiothrix, Lachnocaulon.
Xyridaceae (Yellow-Eyed Grass family):
Xyris, Achlyphila, Abolboda, Orectanthe, Aratitiyopea.
Juncaceae (Rush family):
Juncus, Luzula, Prionium, Rostkovia, Marsippospermum, Oxychloe,
Patosia, Distichia.
CYPERACEAE (Sedge family):These plants are herbs, usually of wetlands. Stems typically
triangular in cross section (the mnemonic that I learned as an
undergraduate was Sedges have wedges); leaves are alternate and 3-ranked;
the base of the leaf is a closed sheath around the stem and continues with
a free blade (as in the grasses). The inflorescence is a spikelet
(as in the grasses). The flowers may be perfect or imperfect, in
which case the plant is monoecious. The flowers are subtended by
bracts and the tepals are reduced to scales, if present. The
androecium is usually of 1-3 stamens. The gynoecium is of 2-3 fused
pistils. The fruit is an achene or nutlet. The family has 104
genera and 4,500 species.
Scirpodendron, Diplasia, Hylytrum, Mapania, Exocarya, Lepironia,
Chrysitrix.
Dulichium, Scirpus, Ficinia, Ascolepis, Eleocharis, Fimbristylis,
Cyperus, Cladium, Lepidosperma, Trichostularia, Machaerina, Mesomelaena,
Gymnoshoenus, Cyathochaeta, Tetraria, Caustis, Evandra, Gahnia, Reedia,
Arthrostylis, Schoenus, Oreobolus, Carpha, Rhynchospora, Scleria,
Lagenocarpus, Coleochloa, Trilepis.
Schoenixiphium, Uncinia, Kobresia, Carex, Cymphyllus.
Restionaceae:
Restio, Isochyrolepis, Thamnochortus.
ORDER ZINGIBERALES
Perennial herbs from large, often starchy rhizomes. Leaves opposite
or spiraled; usually parallel-pinnate with a distinct petiole.
Inflorescences subtended by bracts; perfect or
imperfect. Stamens
6, although rarely are all 6 functional. Gynoecium often of 3 fused
pistils. Fruit variable; dry or fleshy; dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds
with endosperm and copious, starchy perisperm. 7 families
MUSACEAE (Banana family): Bananas and plantains, this family
grows as rosette trees which terminate in a bisexual inflorescence that
can be up to 2 meters long.
Musa, Ensete, Musella..
Musa.
Zingiberaceae (Ginger family):
Hedychium, Kaempferia, Boesenbergia, Hitchenia, Camptandra, Curcuma,
Roscoea, Cautleya, Zingiber.
Aframomum, Eltingera, Amomum, Elettariopsis, Elettaria, Geostachys,
Burbidgea, Renealmia, Alpinia, Riedelia, Plagiostachys, Hemiorchis, Gagnepainia,
Globba, Mantisia.
Marantaceae (Prayer Plant family):
Schumannianthus, Donax, Sarcophrynium, Thaumatococcus, Hypselodelphys,
Trachyphrynium, Stachyphrynium, Halopegia, Afrocalathea, Phrynium, Cominsia,
Marantochloa, Monophrynium, Calathea, Phacelophrynium, Maranta, Myrosma,
Stromanthe, Ctenanthe, Ischnosiphon, Thalia.
Cannaceae (Canna family):
Canna.
Costaceae:
Dimerocostus, Tapeinochilos, Costus, Monocostus.
Heliconiaceae:
Heliconia.
Strelitziaceae:
Ravenala, Phenakospermum, Strelitzia.
CLASS CERATOPHYLLOPSIDA:
BASAL DICOTS, A CLADE OF UNCERTAIN POSITION THAT APPEARS TO BE
SISTER TO THE DICOTS
Aquatic herbs; without roots; stems with single vascular bundle and a
central air canal; leaves whorled, often dichotomously segmented. No
stomates or cuticle. Flowers solitary and axial. Flowers imperfect
(monoecious); actinomorphic and inconspicuous, subtended by a whorl of seven
to many bracts (maybe modified tepals).
Stamens 10-many, distinct. Pollen without apertures, exine reduced. One carpel,
hypogynous, stigma
extending along one side of the style. Fruit and
achene; no endosperm.
Class with a single genus.
ORDER CERATOPHYLLALES
CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort
or Coon Tail family) with characters of the class.
Ceratophyllum 
ASTEROPSIDA: EUDICOTS
(TRICOLPATES; 30 ORDERS; 163-200 FAMILIES)
Monophyletic group that has tricolpate
pollen; characterized by cyclic
flowers; parts in whorls with members of individual whorls alternating;
staminate filaments usually slender.
BASAL TRICOLPATES:
THE PERIPHERAL EUDICOTS
ORDER RANNUNCULALES
This order is defined well by molecular analyses;
however, morphological synapomorphies are problematic. Plants in this
order contain distinctive alkaloids, particularly the alkaloid berberine.
They tend to be herbaceous with toothed, lobed, or even-compound
leaves. Their flowers are hypogynous with floral parts distinct and
free. The seeds are tiny with copious
endosperm.
RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup family): Herbs, vines, shrubs. Simple
vessels. Leaves usually alternate, simple or compound;
stipules either
inconspicuous or absent. Flowers variable but hypogynous; usually with
distinct sepals and petals;
stamens usually many. Fruits variable:
follicles, achenes,
berries.
Aconitum, Delphinium, Actaea,
Aquilegia, Caltha, Coptis, Helleborus, Isopyrum, Anemone, Barneoudia,
Hepatica, Adonis, Myosurus, Ranunculus, Thalictrum, Clematis, Clematopsis.
Rannunculus.
PAPAVERACEAE (includes Fumariaceae; Poppy family): Herbs or shrubs. Simple
vessels.
Plants with milky latex. Leaves alternate or often in a
basal rosette,
usually compound or dissected; no stipules.
Flowers usually large and showy, perfect, and
hypogynous. Many stamens;
pollen usually triaperturate.
Fruits
usually capsules which open by pores.
Papaver, Eschscholzia,
Sanguinaria, Argemone, Chelodium, Chelidonium.
Chelidonium.
Menispermaceae (Moonseed family):
Abuta, Cyclea, Stephania, Tinospora, Cissampelos,
Calycocarpum, Cocculus, Menispermum.
Berberidaceae (Barberry family):
Berberis, Achlys, Caulophyllum, Diphyllea, Jeffersonia,
Nandina, Podophyllum, Vancouveria.
Lardizabalaceae:
Decaisnea, Akebia, Holboellia, Stauntonia, Parvatia,
Boquila, Lardizabala, Sinofranchetia.
ORDER PROTEALES
Platanaceae (Sycamore family):
Platanus.
Proteaceae:
Grevillea, Hakea, Protea, Helicia, Leucadendron,
Banksia, Leucospermum, Embothrium, Telopea, Macadamia.
Nelumbonaceae:
Nelumbo
Trochodendraceae (includes Tetracentraceae):
Trochodendron, Tetracentron.
Buxaceae:
Styloceras, Sarcococca, Pachysandra, Buxus, Notobuxus.
CORE EUDICOTS
CARYOPHYLLID CLADE
ORDER CARYOPHYLLALES
Clear molecular and morphological synapomorphies
define this order. Their phloem has
sieve tubes that contain plastids
and a peripheral ring of proteinaceous filaments and a central protein
crystal. Betalains form red-yellow pigments. The flower with a
single whorl of tepals; embryo curved around the seed. This order has
18 families and 8600 species.
CACTACEAE (Cactus family): Herbs or shrubs with anomalous secondary growth.
Vessels simple. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled; simple, entire and
often reduced to a spine. Flowers usually
perfect, stamens usually numerous
(generally 2X as many as there are perianth segments).
Fruit variable,
embryo large.
Pereskia, Maihuenia, Pereskiopsis, Quiabentia,
Tacinga, Opuntia, Pterocactus.
Opuntia.
Leptocereus, Harrisia, Acanthocereus, Peniocereus, Cereus,
Echinocereus, Hylocereus, Selenicereus, Epiphyllum, Melocactus,
Cleistocactus, Echinopsis, Rebutia, Gymnocalycium, Corryocactus, Copiapoa,
Parodia, Lepismium, Rhipsalis, Armatocereus, Browningia, Pachycereus,
Carneigiea, Stenocereus, Echinocactus, Mammillaria, Ferocactus, Lophophora,
Astrophytum, Zygocactus.
Caryophyllaceae (Carnation or Pink family):
Silene, Dianthus, Arenaria, Gypsophila, Minuartia,
Stellaria, Paronychia, Cerastium, Agrostemma, Drymaria, Geocarpon, Sagina,
Saponaria, Spergula, Stipulicida.
Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed family):
Phytolacca.
Nyctaginaceae (Four O'Clock family):
Neea, Guapira, Mirabilis, Pisonia, Abronia, Boerhavia,
Acleisanthes, Anulocaulis, Okenia, Selinocarpus.
Amaranthaceae (includes Chenopodiaceae; Amaranth family):
Atriplex, Gomphrena, Salsola, Alternanthera,
Chenopodium, Ptilotus, Sueda, Iresine, Amaranthus, Corispermum, Celosia,
Blutaparon, Froelichia, Grayia, Monolepis, Nitrophila, Salicornia.
Aizoaceae (Stoneplant family):
Conophytum, Delosperma, Lampranthus, Drosanthemum,
Antimima, Lithrops, Mesembryanthemum, Carpobrotus, Dorotheanthus, Ruschia,
Tetragonia.
Portulacaceae (Purselane family):
Calandrinia, Portulaca, Claytonia, Talinum, Montia,
Lewisia.
Petiveriaceae:
Lophiocarpus, Rivina, Trichostigma, Schindleria,
Hilleria, Ledenbergia, Petiveria, Monococcus, Gallesia, Seguieria.
Simmondsiaceae:
Simmondsia.
ORDER POLYGONALES
Droceraceae (Sundew family):
Drosera, Dionaea.
Polygonaceae (Knotweed family):
Eriogonum, Rumex, Polygonum, Coccoloba, Antigonon,
Chorizanthe, Nemacaulis, Oxytheca, Oxyria, Polygonella, Stenogonum.
Plumbaginaceae:
Ceratostigma, Dyerophytum, Plumbagella, Plumbago,
Aegialitis, Acantholimon, Neogontscharovia, Gladiolimon, Ghaznianthus,
Dictyolimon, Cephalorhizum, Bamiania, Popoviolimon, Chaetolimon,
Vassilczenkoa, Limoniopsis, Ikonnikova, Goniolimon, Bukiniczia, Afrolimon,
Bakerolimon, Muellerolimon, Limoniastrum, Limonium, Eremolimon, Armeria,
Psylliostachys.
Nepenthaceae:
Netenthes.
ORDER SANTALALES
Loranthaceae (Mistletoe family):
Amyema, Agelanthus, Phithirusa, Psittacanthus,
Struthanthus, Helixanthera, Tapinanthus, Scurrula
Viscaceae (Christmas Mistletoe family):
Phoradendron, Dendrophthora, Viscum, Arceuthobium.
Olacanthaceae:
Coula, Ochanostachys, Heisteria, Ximenia, Sorodocarpus,
Cathedra, Anacolosa, Strombosia, Ethryopalum, Dulacea.
Santalaceae:
Phacellaria, Okubaka, Dendrotrophe, Scleropyrum,
Jodina, Buckleya, Nestronia, Pyrularia, Osyris, Geocaulon, Comandra, Nanodea,
Acanthosyris, Santalum, Mida, Osyridocarpos, Thesidium, Thesium, Arjona,
Quinchamalium, Anthobolus, Exocarpos.
Misodendraceae:
Misodendrum.
Opiliaceae:
Lepionurus, Cansjera, Melientha, Champeriea, Opilia,
Urobotrya, Rhopalopilia, Pentarhopalopilia, Gjellerupia, Agonandra.
Schoepfiaceae:
Schoepfia.
ORDER SAXIFRAGALES
Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family):
Saxifraga, Heuchera, Chrysoplenium, Mitella, Astilbe, Boykinia,
Leptarrhena, Sullivantia, Tellima, Tolmeia, Tiarella.
Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family):
Sedum, Crassula, Echeveria, Kalanchoe, Diamorpha, Dudleya, Graptopetalum,
Lenophylum, Villadia.
Hamamelidaceae (Witch Hazel family):
Corylopsis, Distylium, Hamamelis, Fothergilla, Loropetalum, Rhodoleia
Altingiaceae (Sweet Gum family):
Altingia, Liquidambar.
Cercidiphyllaceae:
Cercidiphyllum.
Grossulariaceae:
Ribes, Grossularia,
Haloragaceae:
Haloragis, Haloragodendron, Glishrocaryon, Meziella, Gonocarpus,
Laurembergia, Proserpinaca, Myriophyllum.
Iteaceae:
Itea, Choristylis.
Paeoniaceae:
Paeonia.
ROSID CLADE
BASAL ROSIDS
ORDER VITALES:
Vitaceae (Grape family):
Cissua, Nothocissus, Cyphostemma, Acereosperma, Caryratia, Vitis,
Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus, Yua, Pterisanthes, Clematicissus,
Tetrastigma, Rhoicissus, Pterocissus..
Leeaceae:
Leea.
ORDER GERANIALES
Geraniaceae (Geranium or Crane's Bill family):
Geranium, Pelargonium, Erodium.
ORDER MYRTALES (INCERTAE SEDIS; EITHER EUROSIDS I OR
II)
Synapomorphies include vessel elements with fringed
pits, stems with internal phloem, stamens incurved in the bud, a single
style, carpels connate; usually with entire, opposite leaves. Though
well-supported as a monophyletic group, this order has weak support in
association either with the Eurosid I or Eurosid II clade. This
order has 14 families and 9,000 species.
MYRTACEAE (Myrtle family): Shrubs to large trees;
leaves glandular, usually opposite, simple, evergreen, entire, no
stipules.
Flowers perfect, actinomorphic,
epigynous; 4-5 sepals; 4-5
petals; many stamens,
gynoecium of 2-3 carpels; style long and simple.
Inflorescence mostly cymose. Fruit usually a fleshy
berry. Seed
with no endosperm.
Eucalyptus, Callistemon, Pimenta, Myrtus,
Eugenia, Myrcia, Syzygium, Melaleuca, Psidium, Calyptranthes, Rhodomyrtus,
Myrcianthes.
Eugenia.
Lythaceae (includes Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae,
Punicaceae; Loosestrife family):
Cuphea, Diplusodon, Lagerstroemia, Nesaea, Rotala,
Lythrum, Ammannia, Decodon, Didiplis, Heimia, Nesaea, Peplis, Trapa.
Onagraceae (Evening Primrose family):
Epilobium, Oenothera, Fuchsia, Ludwigia, Camisonia,
Clarkia, Chamaenerion, Circaea.
Combretaceae (White Mangrove family):
Combretum, Terminalia, Bucida, Conocarpus,
Laguncularia.
Melastomataceae (Meadow Beauty family):
Dissotis, Medinilla, Rhexia, Tibouchina.
Memecylaceae:
Memecyclon, Warneckia, Lijndenia, Spathandra,
Mouriri, Votomita.
Vochysiacaceae:
Euphronia, Salvertia, Callisthene, Qualea, Erisma,
Erismadelphus, Ruizterania, Vochysia.
EUROSIDS I
ORDER ZYGOPHYLLALES
Zygophyllaceae (Creosote Bush family):
Seetzenia, Sisyndite, Sericodes, Zygophyllum, Milianthus, Bulnesia,
Pintoa, Plectrocarpa, Metharme, Fagonia, Balanites, Tribulus, Guaiacum,
Kallstroemia, Larrea, Porlieria, Morkillia, Viscainoa, Tetraena,
Kelleronia, Kallistroemia, Tribulopsis, Tribulus, Neoluederitzia, Augea,
Kameriaceae:
Kameria
ORDER OXALIDALES
Oxalidaceae (Wood Sorrel family):
Oxalis, Biophytum.
Cephalotaceae:
Cephalotus.
Cunoniaceae:
Spiraeanthemum, Acsmithia, Aistopetalum, Gilbeea, Acrophyllum, Callicoma,
Pullea, Caldcluvia, Vesselowskya, Cunonia, Weinmannia, Pancheria, Lamanonia,
Geissois, Pseudoweinmannia, Platylophus, Codia, Anodopetalum, Ceratopetalum,
Schizomeria, Baueria, Aphanopetalum.
ORDER CELASTRALES
Celastraceae (includes Hippocrateaceae; Bittersweet family):
Monimopetalum, Euonymus, Microtropis, Glyptopetalum, Cleastrus,
Maytenus, Catha, Polycardia, Bhesa, Paxistima, Lophopetalum, Kokoona,
Peripterygia, Ptelidium, Zinoweiwia, Plenckia, Tripterygium, Wimmeria,
Cassine, Elaeodendron, Pleurostylia, Gyminda, Crossopetalum, Myginda,
Acanthothamnus, Canotia, Mortonia, Schaefferia, Perrottetia.
Campylostemon, Tristemonanthus, Hippocratea, Salacighia,
Thyrsosalacia, Salacia. Siphonodon.
Parnassiaceae:
Parnassia.
ORDER MALPIGHIALES
Although molecular analyses indicate a strong monophyletic
relationship among the members of this order, clear morphological
synapomorphies are lacking. Characters that occur in many but not all
of the families are: dry stigmas, fibrous exotegmen, and trilacunar
nodes. This order has 35 families and 13,100 species.
EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge family): Usually woody; often with
latex. Leaves usually simple; with or without
stipules. Flowers
hypogynous, imperfect;
perianth absent or reduced. Carpels united with as many
styles
as carpels. Fruit often a capsular schizocarp; seed with oily
endosperm.
Savia, Wielandia, Pentabrachion, Amanoa, Bridelia,
Cleistanthus, Meineckia, Securinega, Andrachne, Phyllanthus, Sauropus,
Breynia, Glochidion, Spondianthus, Uapaca, Baccaurea, Aporusa, Antidesma,
Hyeronima, Poranthera, Hymenocardia, Bischofia.
Clutia, Pogonophora, Chaetocarpus, Trigonopleura,
Pera, Cheilosa, Neoscortechinia,Erismanthus, Moultonianthus, Syndyophyllum,
Diocoelia, Amperea, Monotaxis, Agrostistachys, Speranskia, Caperonia,
Ditaxis, Argythamnia, Chiropetalum, Chrozophora, Caryodendron, Bernardia,
Pycnocoma, Argomuelleria, Blumeodendron, Epiprinus, Koilodepas, Adelia,
Leucocroton, Alchornea, Bocquillonia, Conceveiba, Ricinus, Adriana,
Mercurialis, Dysopsis, Cleidion, Macaranga, Claoxylon, Mallotus, Trewia,
Acalypha, Plukentia, Tragia, Dalechampia, Omphalea.
Micrandra, Micrandropsis, Hevea, Manihot,
Cnidoscolus, Adenocline, Endospermum, Suregada, Elateriospermum, Jatropha,
Joannesia, Codiaeum, Acidocroton, Bailiospermum, Trigonostemum,
Ricinocarpos, Alphandia, Beyeria, Bertya, Croton, Givotia, Ricinodendron,
Schinziophyton, Aleutites, Grossera.
Pimelodendron, Mabea, Hippomane, Stillingia,
Excoecaria, Sapium, Pachystroma, Hura, Anthostema, Dichostemma,
Neoguillauminia, Calycopeplus, Euphorbia, Chamaesyce, Cubanthus,
Monadenium, Synadenium, Endadenium, Pedilanthus, Poinsettia.
Euphorbia (Poinsettia).
VIOLACEAE (Violet family): Trees, shrubs or herbs.
Vessels with simple perforations. Leaves variable; alternate, opposite;
rosette, spiral, or two-ranked;
usually simple; with or without stipules.
Flowers with 5 sepals and 5
petals; perfect and
zygomorphic. Stamens usually 5 in ring around
gynoecium. Gynoecium often of 3 fused
pistils. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Rinorea, Allexis, Gloeospermum, Melicytus,
Hymenanthera, Isodendrion, Amphirrhox, Paypayrola, Hybanthus, Agatea,
Anchietea, Corynostylis, Schweiggeria, Noisettia, Viola, Leonia.
Viola.
SALICACEAE (Willow family): Trees or shrubs. Vessels with
simple perforations. Leaves alternate, simple, and stipulate.
Flowers very
reduced (no corolla and a reduced calyx),
imperfect and borne in unisexual
catkins. Seeds tiny and dispersed by means of seed hairs. No
endosperm.
Salix, Populus, Chosenia, Caesaria, Homalium,
Xylosma, Flacourtia, Oncoba, Idesia, Samyda, Dovyalis.
Salix.
Malpigiaceae (Barbados Cherry family):
Byrsonima, Heteropterys, Banisteriopsis, Tetrapterys,
Stigmaphyllon, Bunchosia, Aspicarpa, Galphimia, Janusia, Malpighia.
Phyllanthaceae:
Phyllanthus, Glochidion, Antidesma, Cleistanthus,
Andrachne, Bischofia, Savia.
Clusiaceae (St-John's-Wort family):
Hypericum, Calophyllum, Garcinia, Clusia, Mammea,
Triadenum.
Rhizophoraceae (Red Mangrove family):
Cassipourea, Rhizophora, Bruguiera.
Passifloraceae (Passionflower family):
Passiflora, Adenia, Smeanthmannia, Soyauxia,
Barteria, Paropsiopsis, Androsiphonia, Viridivia, Nacistrothyrsus,
Hollrungia, Tetrapathaea, Mitostemma, Dilkea, Tryphostemma, Crossostemma,
Deidamia, Abatia, Aphaerema.
Achariaceae:
Acharia, Ceratosicyos, Guthriea.
Chrysobalanaceae:
Chrysobalanus, Grangeria, Licania, Parastemon,
Bafodeya, Exellodendron, Hunga, Neocarya, Parinari, Acioa, Couepia,
Maranthes, Atuna, Dactyladenia, Hirtella, Kostermanthus, Magnistipula.
Picrodendraceae:
Picrodendron, Oldfieldia, Androstachys, Croizatia,
Podocalyx, Tetracoccus, Parandrypetes, Hyaenanche, Austrobuxus,
Petalostigma, Scagea, Pseudanthus.
Podostemaceae:
Weddellina, Indotristicha, Dalzellia, Tristicha.
Mourera, Tulasneantha, Lonchostephus, Apinagia,
Maranthrum, Rhyncholacis, Jenmaniella, Lophogyne, Hydrobryum,
Hydrobryopsis, Leiothylax, Crenias, Cladopus, Zeylanidium, Podostemum,
Castelnavia, Farmeria.
Putranjivaceae:
Drypetes, Putranjiva.
ORDER FABALES
The monophyly of the order is well-supported by
molecular analyses. Morphological synapomorphies include: vessel
elements with single perforations, a large, green embryo, and the presence
of ellagic acid. This order has 4 families and 18,860 species.
FABACEAE (Leguminosae; Legume or Bean family): Trees, shrubs, herbs or vines; very often with root
nodules. Vessels simple. Leaves usually alternate and pinnately compound;
stipulate. Flowers mostly in
racemes, corymbs,
spikes or heads. Strongly
zygomorphic; 5 sepals; 5
petals. Gynoecium usually a single carpel. Fruit
usually dry and dehiscent (a legume). Embryo large and no
endosperm.
Acacia, Albizia, Calliandra, Inga, Leucaena, Mimosa,
Parkia, Pithecellobium, Prosopis, Schrankia.
Bauhinia, Caesalpinia, Chamycrista, Cassia, Cercis,
Delonix, Gledistia, Parkinsonia, Senna, Tamarindus, Gymnocladus.
Cladrastis, Sophora, Baptisia, Crotalaria, Lupinus,
Medicago, Melilotus, Trifolium, Lotus, Astragalus, Oxytropis, Robinia,
Tephrosia, Dalea, Psoralea, Indigofera, Arachis, Desmodium, Lespedeza,
Dlabergia, Lathyrus, Lens, Faba, Pisum, Vicia, Glycine, Phaseolus, Pueraria,
Rhynchosia, Vigna, Meliotus, Wisteria.
Vigna.
Polygalaceae (Milkwort family):
Polygala, Monnina, Muraltia, Securidaca.
Surianaceae:
Suriana, Cadellia,Guilfoylia, Stylobasium, Recchia.
ORDER ROSALES
The monophyly of this group is well-supported by
molecular analyses. Despite its morphological variability, the order
may be defined by the following synapomorphies: lack of endosperm, the
presence of a hypanthium which was lost in those with highly reduced
flowers. This order has 11 families and 6,300 species.
ROSACEAE (Rose family): Woody or herbaceous. Leaves
variable; alternate or opposite; simple or compound; with or without stipules.
Stamens numerous. Gynoecium variable;
apocarpous or syncarpous.
Fruit variable.
Physocarpus, Neillia, Stephanandra, Spiraea,
Pentactina, Sibiraea, Petrophytum, Kelseya, Luetkea, Aruncus, Gillenia,
Spiraeanthus, Sorbaria, Chamaebatiaria, Adenostoma,
Lyonothamnus. Quillaja. Filipendula. Rhodotypos,
Kerria, Neviusia. Coelogyne. Rubus. Rosa, Hulthemia. Holodiscus.
Rosa.
Kageneckia, Vauquelinia, Lindleya, Photinia,
Heteromeles, Eriobotrya, Rhaphiolepis, Pyrus, Malus, Sorbus,
Chamaemespilus, Cormus, Torminalis, Aronia, Amelanchier, Docyniopsis,
Eriolobus, Peraphyllum, Docynia, Cydonia, Pseudocydonia, Chaenomeles,
Cotoneaster, Malacomeles, Chamaemeles, Pyrachantha, Crategus, Mespilus,
Hesperomeles, Osteomeles.
Adenostoma, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Dryas,
Fallugia, Chamaebatia, Cowania, Purshia, Taihangia, Novosieversia,
Sieversia, Waldsteinia, Coluria, Cercocarpus, Frageria, Geum, Kerria,
Rhodotypos, Rosa, Rubus, Potentilla, Comarium, Chamaerhodos, Duchesnea,
Horkelia, Horkelliella, Ivesia, Sibbaldia, Aphanes, Aremonia, Spenceria,
Hagenia, Leucosidea, Sanguisorba, Sarcopoterium, Margyricarpus,
Tetraglochin, Acaena, Polylepis, Cliffortia, Bencomia, Potaninia.
Dichotomanthes..
Prunus, Oemleria, Exochorda, Maddenia, Pygeum,
Laurocerasus, Padus, Cerasus, Armeniaca, Amygdalus, Prinsepia.
MORACEAE (Mulberry or Fig family): Trees, shrubs, vines or
herbs with lactifers in all parenchymatous tissue.
Vessels simple. Leaves usually alternate, 2-ranked
or spiral; usually
simple and stipulate. Flowers unisexual
(imperfect). Sepals (4-5) and an equal number of
stamens.
Ovulary epigynous or hypogynous, with a single
locule. Fruits
variable but usually achenes, drupes or
nuts as part of a multiple
fruit.
Morus, Broussonetia, Milicia, Maclura,
Trophis, Streblus, Bleekrodea, Fatoua, Ficus, Artocarpus, Parartocarpus,
Treculia, Prainea, Hullettia, Antiaropsis, Sparattosyce, Batocarpus,
Bagassa, Sorocea, Clarisia, Poulsenia, Perebea, Maquira,Castilla,
Helicostylis, Pseudolmedia, Naucleopsis, Antiaris, Mesogyne, Utsetela,
Bosqueiopsis, Helianthostylis, Trymatococcus, Brosimum,
Trilepisium,Scyphosyce, Dorstenia.
Ficus.
Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn family):
Rhamnus, Phylica, Zizyphus, Gouania, Ceanothus, Aldophia, Colubrina,
Krugiodendron, Reynosia, Sageretia.
Ulmaceae (Elm family):
Ulmus, Planera.
Celtidaceae (Hackberry or Sugarberry family):
Celtis, Trema.
Urticaceae (Nettle family):
Urtica, Pilea, Elatostema, Boehmeria, Hesperocnide, Laportea, Parietaria,
Soleirolia.
Cannabanaceae (Hemp or Hop family):
Cannabis, Humulus.
Cecropiaceae:
Myrianthus, Pourouma, Cecropia, Musanga, Coussapoa, Poikilospermum.
ORDER CUCURBITALES
The members of this order share the characters of epigynous and
imperfect flowers, parietal placentation, cucurbitoid tooth type,
cucurbitacins (oxidized triterpenes), and separate vascular bundles in the
stem. This order has three families with four more possibly indicated
by molecular analyses.
CUCURBITACEAE (Cucumber family): Generally vines with tendrils that
coil and arise from the nodes; no stipules;
petals fused into a cone.
Monoecious or dioecious. Fruit is a berry, usually modified to a hard
outer rind in which case it becomes a pepo.
Citrullus, Ecballium, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica,
Echinocystis, Cyclanthera, Sicyos, Cucurbita, Cayaponia, Gurania, Sechium,
Lagenaria, Ibervillea, Marah, Melothria, Cucumis, Pepo, Fevillea.
Cucurbita.
Begoniaceae (Begonia family):
Begonia, Hilebrandia.
Datiscaceae:
Datisca.
ORDER FAGALES
The morphological synapomorphies for this order are:
imperfect flowers with tepals reduced or missing; usually
epigynous. Staminate
flowers in catkins; plants wind-pollinated. Fruits indehiscent with one seed
(usually a nut).
FAGACEAE (Oak or Beech family): Trees or shrubs. Leaves
alternate, simple and pinnately veined. Flowers small and
imperfect. Often
the staminate flowers are in catkins. Pistillate flowers subtended by an
involucre of many |
