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| KINGDOM PROTEOBACTERIAE | |||||
Proteobacteriae (pro-te-o-bak-TE-re-e) is derived from two Greek roots meaning "changeable" (proteakos -πρωτεϊκός) "little stick" (bakterion -βακτήριον). The name is in reference to Proteus, the name of a Greek sea god who could change his shape (Stackebrandt et al. 1988).
Stackebrandt et al. (1988), using 16S rRNA sequences, defined a seemingly unrelated group of eubacteria as Proteobacteria, the purple bacteria, which they defined as a class that they called Proteobacteria. Within that group, they defined five separate lines, each defined by a Greek letter: α, β, γ, δ, ε. The second edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Garrity et al. 2003) adopted Proteobacteria, but raised it to phylum level with each of the five groups becoming classes. In order to bring the prokaryotes into line with kingdom-level divisions in the eukaryotes, I felt that it was necessary to raise the Proteobacteria to kingdom-level status with each of the five groups also raised to the level of phylum.
The purple bacteria is the largest and most diverse of the microbial kingdoms. The alpha, beta, and gamma groups have many taxa that are phototrophic, but most are chemolithotrophs or chemoorganotrophs. The delta and epsilon groups have no phototrophic taxa. The interpretation is that phototrophy is primitive in this line. Also, oxidative metabolism seems to have evolved several times in this kingdom.
The structure of this kingdom is under intense scrutiny because there are so many taxa that are of great economic importance, both as necessary symbionts and important pathogens. Furthermore, the microbial endosymbiont that gave rise to the ancestral mitochondrion likely came from among the rickettsia (Alphaproteobacteria). Now, there is evidence emerging to suggest a sixth line that Emmerson et al. (2007) refer to as "Zetaproteobacteria".
CLASS RICKETTSIAE
ORDER RICKETTSIALES
Rickettsia, Orientia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, Wolbachia, Aegyptianella (incertae sedis)
Holospora
Incertae Sedis: Caedibacter, Lyticum, Candidatus, Pseudocaedibacter, Pseudodolyticum, Tectibacter
CLASS RHODOBACTERIAE
ORDER RHODOSPIRILLALES
Rhodospirillum, Azospirillum, Levispirillum, Magnetospirillum, Phaeospirillum, Rhodocista, Rhodospira, Rhodovibrio, Roseospira, Roseospirillum, Skermanella, Sporospirillum (incertae sedis)
Acetobacter, Acidiphilium, Acidisphaera, Acidocella, Acidomonas, Asaia, Craurococcus, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, Paracraurococcus, Rhodopila, Roseococcus, Roseomonas, Stella, Zavarzinia
ORDER RHODOBACTERALES
Rhodobacter, Ahrensia, Amaricoccus, Antarctobacter, Gemmobacter, Hirschia, Hyphomonas, Ketogluconicigenium, Maricaulis, Methylarcula, Octadecabacter, Paracoccus, Rhodobaca, Rhodovulvum, Roseibium, Roseinatronobacter, Roseivivax, Roseobacter, Roseovarius, Rubrimonas, Rugegeria, Sagittula, Staleya, Stappia, Sulfitobacter, Rhodothalassium (incertae sedis)
ORDER SPHINGOMONADALES
Sphingomonas, Blastomonas, Citromicrobium, Erythrobacter, Erythromicrobium, Erythromonas, Porphyrobacter, Sandaracinobacter, Zymomonas
ORDER CAULOBACTERIALES
Caulobacter, Asticcacaulis, Brevundimonas, Phenylobacterium
ORDER RHIZOBIALES
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Allorhizobium, Carbophilus, Chelatobacter, Ensifer, Sinorhizobium
Bartonella
Brucella, Mycoplana, Ochrobactrum
Phyllobacterium, Aminobacter, Aquamicrobium, Defluvibacter, Candidatus, Mesorhizobium, Pseudaminobacter
Methylocystis, Albibacter, Methylosinus, Methylopila (incertae sedis)
Beijerinckia, Chelatococcus, Methylocella
Bradyrhizobium, Afipia, Agromonas, Blastobacter, Bosea, Nitrobacter, Oligotropha, Rhodoblastus, Rhodopseudomonas
Hyphomicrobium, Ancalomicrobium, Ancylobacter, Angulomicrobium, Aquabacter, Azorhizobium, Blastochloris, Devosia, Dichotomicrobium, Filomicrobium, Gemmiger, Labrys, Methylorhabdus, Pedomicrobium, Prosthecomicrobium, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodoplanes, Seliberia, Starkeya, Xanthobacter
Methylobacterium
Rhodobium
CLASS BETAPROTEOBACTERIAE
ORDER BURKHOLDERIALES
Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, Lautropia, Pandoraea, Paucimonas, Polynucleobacter, Ralstonia, Thermothrix
Oxalobacter, Duganella, Herbaspirillum, Janthinobacterium, Massilia, Telluria
Alcaligenes, Achromobacter, Bordetella, Derxia, Oligella, Pelistega, Pigmentiphaga, Sutterella, Taylorella
Comamonas, Acidovorax, Brachymonas, Delftia, Hydrogenophaga, Lampropedia, Macromonas, Polaromonas, Rhodoferax, Variovorax
Incertae Sedis: Aquabacterium, Idernella, Leptothrix, Roseateles, Rubrivivax, Sphaerotilus, Tepidomonas, Thiomonas, Xylophilius
ORDER HYDROGENOPHILALES
Hydrogenophilus, Thiobacillus
ORDER METHYLOPHILALES
Methylophilus, Methylobacillus, Methylovorus
ORDER NEISSERIALES
Neisseria, Alysiella, Aquaspirillum, Chromobacterium, Eikenella, Formivibrio, Iodobacter, Kingella, Microvirgula, Prolinoborus, Simonsiella, Vitreoscilla, Vogesella
ORDER NITROSOMONADALES
Nitrosomonas, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosovibrio
Spirillum
Gallionella
ORDER RHODOCYCLALES
Rhodocyclus, Azoarcus, Azonexus, Azospira, Azovibrio, Dechloromonas, Dechlorosoma, Ferribacterium, Propionibacter, Propionivibrio, Thauera, Zoogloea
CLASS CHROMATIAE
ORDER CHROMATIALES
Chromatium, Allochromatium, Halochromatium, Isochromatium, Lamprobacter, Lamprocystis, Marichromatium, Nitrosococcus, Pfennigia, Rhabdochromatium, Thermochromatium, Thioalkalicoccus, Thiocapsa, Thiococcus, Thiocystis, Thiodictyon, Thioflavicoccus, Thiohalocapsa, Thiolamprovum, Thiopedia, Thiorhodococcus, Thiorhodovibrio, Thiospirillum
Ectothiorhodospira, Arhodomonas, Halorhodospira, Nitrococcus, Thioalkalivibrio, Thiorhodospira
Halothiobacillus
CLASS ENTEROBACTERIAE
ORDER ACIDITHIOBACILLALES
Acidithiobacillus
Thermithiobacillus
ORDER XANTHOMONADALES
Xanthomonas, Frateuria, Luteimonas, Lysobacter, Nevskia, Pseudoxanthomonas, Rhodanobacter, Schineria, Stenotrophomonas, Thermomonas, Xylella
ORDER CARDIOBACTERIALES
Cardiobacterium, Dichelobacter, Suttonella
ORDER THIOTRICHALES
Thiothrix, Achromatium, Beggiatoa, Leucothrix, Thiobacterium, Thiomargarita, Thioploca, Thiospira
Piscirickettsia, Cycloclasticus, Hydrogenovibrio, Methylophaga, Thioalkalimicrobium, Thiomicrospira
Francisella
ORDER LEGIONELLALES
Legionella
Coxiella, Rickettsiella
ORDER METHYLOCOCCALES
Methylococcus, Methylobacter, Methylocaldum, Methylomicrobium, Methylomonas, Methylosarcina, Methylosphaera
ORDER OCEANOSPIRILLALES
Oceanospirillum, Balneatrix, Marinomonas, Marinospirillum, Neptunomonas
Alcanivorax
Hahella
Halomonas, Carnimonas, Chromohalobacter, Zymobacter
ORDER PSEUDOMONADALES
Pseudomonas, Azomonas, Azotobacter, Cellvibrio, Mesophilobacter, Rhizobacter, Rugamonas, Serpens
Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter
Incertae Sedis: Enhydrobacter
ORDER ALTEROMONADALES
Alteromonas, Alishewanella, Colwellia, Ferrimonas, Glaciecola, Idiomarina, Marinobacter, Marinobacterium, Microbulbifer, Moritella, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychromonas, Shewanella
ORDER VIBRIONALES
Vibrio, Photobacterium, Salinivibrio
ORDER AEROMONADALES
Aeromonas, Oceanimonas, Tolumonas (incertae sedis)
Succinivibrio, Anaerobiospirillum, Ruminobacter, Succinimonas
ORDER ENTEROBACTERIALES
Escherichia, Alterococcus, Arsenophonus, Brenneria, Buchneria, Budvicia, Buttiauxella, Calymmatobacterium, Cedecea, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Ewingella, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia, Leminorella, Moellerella, Morganella, Obesumbacterium, Pantoea, Pectobacterium, "Candidatus", Photorhabdus, Plesiomonas, Pragia, Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella, Saccharobacter, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Sodalis, Tatumella, Trabulsiella, Wigglesworthia, Xenorhabdus, Yersinia, Yokenella
ORDER PASTEURELLALES
Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, Lonepinella, Manheimia, Phocoenobacter
CLASS ANOXYDELTABACTERIA
ORDER DESULFURELLALES
Desulfurella, Hippea
ORDER DESULFOVIBRIONALES
Desulfovibrio, Bilophila, Lawsonia
Desulfomicrobium, Desulfonatronovibrio, Desulfothermus
Desulfonatronum
ORDER DESULFOBACTERALES
Desulfobacter, Desulfobacterium, Desulfobacula, Desulfobotulus, Desulfocella, Desulfococcus, Desulfofaba, Desulfofrigus, Desulfonema, Desulfosarcina, Desulfospira, Desulfotignum
Desulfobulbus, Desulfocapsa, Desulfofustis, Desulfotalea
Nitrospina
ORDER DESULFARCALES
Desulfarculus
ORDER DESULFUROMONALES
Desulfuromonas, Desulfuromusa, Malonomonas, Pelobacter
Geobacter, Trichlorobacter
ORDER SYNTROPHOBACTERALES
Syntrophobacter, Desulfacinum, Desulforhabdus, Desulfovirga, Thermodesulforhabdus
Syntrophus, Desulfobacca, Desulfomonile, Smithella
CLASS OXYDELTABACTERIA
ORDER BDELLOVIBRIONALES
Bdellovibrio, Bacteriovorax, Micavibrio, Vampirovibrio
ORDER MYXOCOCCALES
Myxococcus, Corallococcus, Pyxicoccus
Cystobacter, Archangium, Hyalangium, Melettangium, Stigmatella
Polyangium, Byssophaga, Chondromyces, Haploangium, Jahnia, Sorangium
Nannocystis
Kofleria
CLASS CAMPYLOBACTERIAEORDER NAUTILIALES
Nautilia, Caminibacter, Lebetimonas
Incertae Sedis: Hydrogenimonas, Nitratiruptor, Thioreductor
ORDER CAMPYLOBACTERALES
Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Nitratifractor, Sulfurospirillum, Sulfurimonas, Sulfurovum, Sulfiricurvum, Thiomicrospira
Helicobacter, Thiovulum, Wolinella
This page is maintained by Jack R. Holt. Last revised 04/22/2008.