| SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY |
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| HOME | SYLLABUS | WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS | J. SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY | TAXA OF LIFE | |
| KINGDOM FIRMICUTAE | |||||
Firmicutae (fur-ma-KU-te) is derived from the Latin root, firmus, which means strong or durable. The reference is to the relatively strong nature of the Gram positive walls of this group.
These organisms are known as the Gram positive bacteria. The kingdom is diverse and includes endospore forming bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (and their relatives), most of the cocci (aerobic and anaerobic), coryneform bacteria, the actinomycetes, and the mycoplasmas. They are united by the same type of bacterial wall: plasmalemma with peptidoglycan to the outside. There is no outer membrane as in the typical Gram negative taxa. Indeed, the Mycoplasmas, which seem to be simplified clostridia, have no outer wall at all. In general, this follows the system of Margulis and Schwartz (1998) who group the gram positive taxa together in a subkingdom Firmicutes with five phyla. More recent molecular evidence (e.g. Daubin et al. 2002) suggests that the gram positive taxa form two separate clades: high G-C taxa (>55% G-C in their DNA) and low G-C (<50% G-C in their DNA). I keep the gram positive taxa together as a tentative kingdom with five phyla.
CLASS MOLLICUTIORDER MYCOPLASMALES
Mycoplasma, Eperythrozoon, Haemobartonella, Ureaplasma.
ORDER ENTOMOPLASMALES
Entomoplasma, Mesoplasma, Spiroplasma.
ORDER ACHOLEPLASMALES
Acholeplasma.
ORDER ANAEROPLASMALES
Anaeroplasma, Asterolplasma.
INCERTAE SEDIS (PLACEMENT OF THESE TAXA IS STILL PROBLEMATIC)
Erysilelothrix, Bulleidia, Holdemania, Solobacterium.
CLASS CLOSTRIDIAE
ORDER CLOSTRIDIALES
Clostridium, Acetivibrio, Acidaminobacter, Anaerobacter, Arthromitus, Caloramator, Coprobacillus, Natronincola, Oxobacter, Sarcina, Sporobacter, Thermobachium, Thermohalobacter, Tindallia.
ORDER LACHNOSPIRALES
Lachnospira, Acetitomaculum, Anaerofilum, Butyrivibrio, Catenibacterium, Catonella, Coprococcus, Johnsonella, Pseudobutyrvibrio, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Sporobacterium.
ORDER PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCALES
Peptostreptococcus, Filifactor, Finegoldia, Fusibacter, Helcococcus, Micromonas, Tissierella.
ORDER EUBACTERIALES
Eubacterium, Acetobacterium, Anaerovorax, Mogibacterium, Pseudoramibacter.
ORDER PEPTOCOCCALES
Peptococcus, Anaeroarcus, Anaerosinus, Anaerovibrio, Carboxydothermus, Centipeda, Dehalobacter, Dendrosporobacter, Desulfitobacterium, Desulfonispora, Desulfosporosinus, Desulfotomaculum, Mitsuokella, Propioispira, Succinispira, Syntrophobotulus, Thermoterrabacterium.
ORDER HELIOBACTERIALES
Heliobacterium, Heliobacillus, Heliophilum, Heliorestis.
ORDER ACIDAMINOCOCCALES
Acidaminococcus, Acetonema, Anaeromusa, Dialister, Megasphaera, Papillibacter, Pectinatus, Phascolarctobacterium, Quinella, Schwartzia, Selenomonas, Sporomusa, Succiniclasticum, Veillonella, Zymophilus.
ORDER SYNTROPHOMONADALES
Syntrophomonas, Acetogenium, Aminobacterium, Aminomonas, Anaerobaculum, Anaerobrancha, Caldicellulostruptor, Dethiosulfovibrio, Pelospora, Syntrophospora, Syntrophothermus, Thermaerobacter, Thermanaerobacter, Thermanaerovibrio, Thermohydrogenium, Thermosyntropha.
CLASS THERMOANDEROBACTERIAE
ORDER THERMOANDEROBACTERIALES
Thermoanderobacterium, Ammonifex, Carboxydobrachium, Coprothermobacter, Moorella, Sporomaculum, Thermacetogenium, Thermoanaerobacter, Theremoanaerobium.
CLASS HALOANDEROBIAE
ORDER HALOANDEROBIALES
Haloanderobium, Halocella, Halothermothrix, Natroniella.
ORDER HALOBACTERALES
Halobacteroides, Acetohalobium, Haloanaerobacter, Orenia, Sporohalobacter.
CLASS BACCILLI
ORDER BACILLIALES
Bacillus, Amphibacillus, Anoxybacillus, Exiguobacterium, Gracilibacillus, Halobacillus, Saccharococcus, Salibacillus, Virigibacillus.
ORDER PLANNOCOCCALES
Planococcus, Filibacter, Kurthia, Sporosarcina.
ORDER CARYOPHANALES
Caryophanon.
ORDER LISTERIALES
Listeria, Brochothrix.
ORDER STAPHYLOCOCCALES
Staphylococcus, Gemella, Macrococcus, Salicoccus.
ORDER SPOROLACTOBACILLIALES
Sporolactobacillus, Marinococcus.
ORDER PAENIBACILLIALES
Paenibacillus, Ammoniphilus, Aneurinibacillus, Brevibacillus, Oxalophagus, Thermicanus, Thermobacillus.
ORDER ALICYCLOBACILLALES
Alicyclobacillus, Pasteuria, Sulfobacillus.
ORDER THERMOACTINOMYCETALES
Thermoactinomyces.
CLASS LACTOBACILLI
ORDER LACTOBACILLIALES
Lactobacillus, Paralactobacillus, Pediococcus.
ORDER AEROCOCCALES
Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, Dolosicoccus, Eremococcus, Facklamia, Globicatella, Ignavigranum.
ORDER CARNOBACTERIALES
Carnobacterium, Agitococcus, Alloiococcus, Desemzia, Dolosigranulum, Granulicatella, Lactosphaera, Trichococcus.
ORDER ENTEROCOCCALES
Enterococcus, Atopobacter, Melissococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus.
ORDER LEUCONOSTOCALES
Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Weisella.
ORDER STREPTOCOCCALES
Streptococcus, Lactococcus.
INCERTAE SEDIS
Acetoanaerobium, Oscillospira, Syntrophococcus.
CLASS ACIDIMICROBIAE
ORDER ACIDIMICROBIALES
Acidimicrobium.
CLASS RUBROMICROBIAE
ORDER RUBROBACTERIALES
Rubrobacter.
CLASS CORIOBACTAERIAE
ORDER CORIOBACTERIALES
Coriobacterium, Atopobium, Collinsella, Cryptobacterium, Denitrobacterium, Eggerthella, Slackia.
CLASS SPAHEROBACTAERIAE
ORDER SPHAEROBACTERIALES
Sphaerobacter.
CLASS ACTINOBACTERIAE
ORDER ACTNOMYCETALES
Actinomyces, Actinobaculum, Arcanobacterium, Mobiluncus.
Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Kocuria, Nesterenkonia, Renibacterium (?), Rothia, Stomatococcus, Bogoriella (?), Rarobacter (?), Sanguibacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Oerskovia, Dermabacter, Brachybacterium, Dermatophilus, Dermacoccus (?), Demetria (?), Kytococcus (?), Intrasporangium, Janibacter, Ornithicoccus, Ornithinimicrobium, Nostocoidia, Terrabacter, Jonesia, Microbacterium, Agrococcus, Agromyces, Aureobacterium, Clavibacter, Cryobacterium, Curtobacterium, Frigoribacterium, Leifsonia, Leucobacter (?), Rathaybacter, Subtercola.
Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Gordonia, Skermania, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Tsukamurella, Williamsia.
Micromoronspora, Actinplanes, Catellatospora, Catenuloplanes, Couchioplanes, Dactylosporangium, Pilimela, Spirilliplanes, Verrucosispora.
Propionibacterium, Luteococcus, Microlunatus, Propioniferax, Tessaracoccus, Nocardoides, Aeromicrobium, Friedmanniella, Hongia, Kribbella, Micropruina, Marmoricola.
Pseudonocardia, Actinoalloteichus, Actinopolyspora, Amycolatopsis, Kibdelosporangium, Kuntzeria, Prauserella, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Streptoalloteichus, Thermobispora, Thermocrispum, Actinosynnema, Actinkineospora, Lentzea, Saccharothrix.
Streptomyces, Kitasatospora, Streptoverticillium.
Streptosporangium, Acrocarpospora, Herbidospora, Microbispora, Microtetraspora, Nonomurea, Planobispora, Planomonospora, Planopolyspora, Planotetraspora, Nocardiopsis, Thermobifida, Thermomonospora, Actinmadura, Spirillospora.
Frankia, Geodermatophilus, Blastococcus, Modestobacter, Microsphaera, Sporichthya, Acidothermus, Kineosporia, Cryptosporangium, Kineococcus, Glycomyces.
ORDER BIFIDOBACTERIALES
Bifidobacterium, Falcivibrio, Gardnerella.
Actinobispora, Actinocorallia, Excellospora, Pelczaria, Turicella.
CLASS DEINOCOCCI
ORDER DEINOCOCCALES
Deinococcus.
ORDER THERMALES
Thermus.
Revised: 04/22/2008