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| TAXONOMY OF THE ECDYSOZOA | |||||
The Ecdysozoa chiefly are united by the tendency to molt or cast off the outer covering, a process called ecdysis from which the name of the group stems (Aguinaldo et al. 1997; and Valentine 2004). Thus, they do not have ciliary fields over the outside of the body, nor do they tend to have ciliary feeding mechanisms. Many have lost the true coelom and have become blastocoelic. Valentine (2004) suggests that another synapomorphic character is direct development or development in which larvae are similar in general form to the mature adult.
Note that there is no overall agreement on the existence of this clade. Telford (2004) and Philip et al. (2005) suggest that molecular sequences other than SSU rRNA yield a very different picture of the bilaterians. In particular, The Ecdysozoa is not supported. Indeed, they present groupings based on types of body cavities like the old system established by Hyman (1940). Furthermore, they suggest a relationship between the arthropods and the vertebrates.
Please consult The Major Clades of the Animal Kingdom for some views on the relationships of the protostome phyla with each other and with the other phyla of protostomes.
CLASS SETICORONARIA (1 ORDER)
Tubiluchus, Meiopriapulus.
CLASS PRIAPULIDA (1 ORDER)
Acanthopriapulus, Priapulus, Halicryptus, Priapulopsis, Maccabeus.
CLASS KINORHYNCHIDA
Cateria, Centroderes, Echinoderes, Echoinoderella, Kinorhynchus, Neocentrophyes, Pycnophyes.
CLASS LORICIFERIDA
Armorloricus, Nanaloricus, Pliciloricus.
CLASS NEMATOMORPHIDA (2 ORDERS)
Chordotes, Gordius, Paragordius, Nectonema.
CLASS ADENOPHOREA (APHASMIDA; 12 ORDERS)
Desmodora, Dioctophyme, Monhystera, Enoplus, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Trichuris.
CLASS SECERNENTEA (PHASMIDA; 8 ORDERS)
Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Gnathostoma, Dracunculus, Filaria, Camallanus, Wuchereria.
CLASS ONYCHOPHORIDA (1 ORDER)
Peripatus, Peripatoides, Eoperipatus, Opisthopatus, Paraperipatus, Peripatopsis, Ooperipatus, Speleoperipatus.
CLASS TARDIGRADIDA (3 ORDERS)
Archechiniscus, Batillipes, Echinoscoides, Echiniscus, Hypisibius, Macrobiotus, Milnesium, Pseudoechiniscus, Thermozodium.
CLASS CHELICERATA
SUBCLASS MEROSTOMATA (2 ORDERS; 1 EXTANT ORDER)
Limulus, Carcinoscorpius, Tachypleus.
Eurypterus, Pterygotus.
SUBCLASS ARACHNIDA (11 ORDERS)
Aponomma, Argas, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Ornithodorus, Zeroseius, Demodex, Halotydeus, Penthaleus, Scirus, Tydeus, Acanthophrynus, Damon, Heterophrynus, Stegophrynus, Tarantula, Hepathela, Liphistius, Cyclocosmia, Ummidia, Atypus, Acanthoscurria, Aphonopelma, Diplura, Loxosceles, Argyrodes, Episinus, Latrodectus, Ulesanus, Hyptiotes, Nephila, Uloborus, Araneus, Argiope, Cyrtophora, Mastophora, Pasilobus, Zygiella, Dolichognatha, Eucta, Leucauge, Meta, Pachygnatha, Clubiona, Erigone, Dicymbium, Linyphia, Agelena, Coelotes, Argyroneta, Lycosa, Pardosa, Pirata, Dolomedes, Pisaura, Oxyopes, Thomisus, Xysticus, Heteropoda, Portia, Salticus, Dinopis, Scytodes, Caddo, Leiobunum, Trogulus, Allokoenenia, Eukoeninia, Koeninia, Leptokoeninia, Prokoeninia, Chelifer, Chitrella, Chthonius, Dinocheirus, Garypus, Menthus, Pseudogarypus, Cryptocellus, Pseudocellus, Ricinoides, Agastoschizomus, Megaschizomus, Nyctalops, Protoschizomus, Schizomus, Androctonus, Bothriurus, Buthus, Centuroides, Chaerilus, Diplocentrus, Hadrurus, Hemiscorpion, Nebo, Parabuthus, Paruroctonus, Tityus, Vaejovis, Biton, Branchia, Dinorhax, Galeodes, Solpuga, Abaliella, Chajnus, Mastigoproctus, Charinus, Thelyphonus, Miranda, Latrodectus, Eremobates, Galeodes, Phalangium, Leioburnum, Trombicula.
CLASS PYCNOGONIDA (1 ORDER)
Acheilia, Ascorhynchus, Austrodecus, Colossendeis, Delcopoda, Nymphon, Nymphopsis, Pycnogonum, Tanystylum.
CLASS DIPLOPODA (10 ORDERS IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
Polyxenus, Glomeridesmus, Glomeris, Platydesmus, Striaria, Polydesmus, Julus, Spirobolus.
CLASS PAUROPODA (1 ORDER)
Pauropus.
CLASS CHILOPODA (5 ORDERS IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
Scutigera, Lithobius, Geophilus, Scolopendra.
CLASS SYMPHYLA (1 ORDER)
Scutigerella.
CLASS ELLIPURA (2 ORDERS)
Entomobrya, Achorutes.
Acerentulus.
CLASS DIPLURATA (1 ORDER)
Campodea, Japyx.
CLASS INSECTA
SUBCLASS ARCHAEOGNATHA (1 ORDER)
SUBCLASS ZYGOENTOMA (1 ORDER)
Lepisma, Thermobia.
SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA (30 ORDERS)
Gryllus, Anisomorpha, Periplaneta, Stagomomantis, Tetrix, Microcentrum, Gryllotalpa, Forficula, Perla, Pteronarcys, Reticulotermes, Kalotermes, Macrotermes, Embia, Pararhagadochir, Gynembia, Gomphus, Anax, Libellula, Lestes, Agrion, Argia, Ephemera, Hexagenia, Potamanthus, Baetis, Menopon, Goniodes, Trichodectes, Pediculus, Phthirius, Psocus, Psocathropos, Trogium, Atropos, Hercothrips, Heliothrips, Thrips, Zorotypus, Leptocoris, Murgantia, Pangaeus, Eurygaster, Nezara, Anasa, Blissus, Corythucha, Phymata, Arilus, Nabis, Cimex, Orius, Lygus, Halticus, Gerris, Gelastocoris Ranatra, Lethocerus, Notonecta, Arctocorixa, Scolops, Magicicada, Ceresa, Aphrophora, Graphocephala, Oncometopia, Paratrioza, Trialeurodes, Myzus, Pseudococcus, Icerya, Lepidosaphes.
Panorpa, Bittacus, Hydropsyche, Helicopsyche, Rhyacophila, Goera, Corydalus, Chrysopa, Myrmeleon, Coleophora, Tinea, Tineola, Plutella, Sanninoidea, Gnorimoschema, Carpocapsa, Polychrosis, Archips, Pyrausta, Loxostege, Hypsopygia, Crambus, Diatraea, Plodia, Thridopteryx, Estigmene, Hyphantria, Catocala, Trichoplusia, Agrotis, Heliothis, Datana, Hemerocampa, Protoparce, Alsophila, Synchlora, Malacosoma, Samia, Tropaea, Proteides, Polites, Iphiclides, Colias, Danaus, Minois, Vanessa, Phycoides, Lycaenopsis, Lycaena, Atlides, Cicendela, Calosoma, Harpalus, Dytiscus, Dineutes, Hydrophilus, Silpha, Paederus, Hister, Calopteron, Photinus, Chauliognathus, Enoclerus, Agriotes, Chrysobothris, Dermestes, Adalia, Mordellistena, Epicauta, Alobates, Tribolium, Lyctus, Amphicerus, Ptinus, Canthon, Phyllophaga, Popilius, Pseudoleucanus, Saperda, Leptinotarsa, Altica, Callosobruchus, Cylas, Pulex, Ctenocephalides, Xenosylla, Tipula, Aedes, Simulium, Tendipes, Phytophaga, Stratiomys, Tabanus, Chrysops Rhagio, Bombylius, Asilus, Diploneura, Drosophila, Liriomyza, Musca, Oestrus, Sarcophaga, Xenos, Stylops, Caliroa, Tremex, Megarhyssa, Macrocentrus, Torymus, Harmolita, Trichogramma, Scelio, Pelecinus, Formica, Campototus, Pepsis, Polistes, Bembix, Colletes, Halictus, Bombus, Apis.
CLASS REMIPEDIA (1 ORDER)
Cryptocorynectes, Godzillus, Lasionectes, Pleomothra, Speleonectes.
CLASS CEPHALOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Hampsonellus, Hutchinsoniella, Lightiella, Sandersiella.
CLASS BRANCHIOPODA (3 ORDERS)
Artemia, Brancionecta, Branchiella, Streptocephalus, Eubranchipus, Triops, Lepidurus, Lynceus, Cyzicus, Eulimnadia, Imnadia, Metalimnadia, Cyclestheria, Anchistropus, Daphnia, Moina, Polyphemus, Leptodora, Bosmina, Chydorus.
CLASS MALACOSTRACA
SUBCLASS PHYLLOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Dahlella, Levinebalia, Nebalia, Nebaliella, Nebaliopsis, Paranebalia.
SUBCLASS EUMALACOSTRACA (13 ORDERS IN 4 SUPERORDERS)
Anaspides, Paranaspides, Koonunga, Bathynella, Thermobathynella
Thermosbaena, Monodella, Spelaeogriphus, Mysis, Neomysis, Gnathophausia, Cumopsis, Leptocuma, Diastylis, Cyclaspis, Aspeudes, Sphyrapus, Tanais, Heterotanais, Oniscus, Porcellio, Armadillidium, Ligyda, Asellus, Idotea, Arcturus, Gnathia, Cymnothoa, Bathynomus, Ione, Liriopsis, Phreatoicus, Gammarus, Hyallela, Orchestia, Caliopius, Siphonectes, Hyperia, Caprella, Ingolfiella.
Euphausia, Meganyctiphanes, Nyctiphanes, Lucifer,Penaeus, Crangon, Heterocarpus, Stenopus, Callianidea, Callianassa, Polyonyx, Callinectes, Uca, Neopanopeus, Cambarus, Cambarellus, Homarus, Clibanarius, Emerita, Sesarma.
Squilla, Echinosquilla, Gonodactylus, Hemisquilla, Lysiosquilla, Pseudosquilla, Coronida, Odontodactylus.
CLASS MAXILLOPODA
SUBCLASS THECOCOSTRACA (CIRRIPEDIA) (4 ORDERS)
Conchoderma, Lepas, Balanus, Mitella, Tripetesa, Baccalaureus, Dendrogaster, Ascothorax, Laura, Sacculina, Synagoga, Zoanthoecus, Briarsaccus, Loxothylacus, Hansenocaris, Cryptophialis, Typetesa, Heterosaccus, Lernaeodiscus, Mycetomorpha, Peltogaster, Sylon, Chthamalus, Coronula, Pollicipes, Tetraclita, Verruca,
SUBCLASS TANTULOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Basipodella, Doeterthron, Microdajus.
SUBCLASS BRANCHIURA (1 ORDER)
Argulus, Chonopeltis, Dipteropeltis, Dolops.
SUBCLASS PENTASTOMIDA (See PHYLUM PENTASTOMA)
SUBCLASS MYSTACOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Ctenocheilocaris, Derocheilocaris.
SUBCLASS COPEPODA (10 ORDERS IN 2 INFRACLASSES)
Antrisocopia, Platycopia.
Calanus, Diaptomus, Eucalanus, Euchaeta, Metridia, Calocalanus, Cyclops, Eucyclops, Lernaea, Mesocyclops, Metacyclops, Notodelphis, Gelyella, Harpacticus, Elaphoidella, Epactophanes, Longipedia, Monstrilla, Peltidium, Porcellidium, Psammus, Sunaristes, Tisbe, Boxshallia, Misophrya, Monstrilla, Stilloma, Mormonilla, Chondracanthus, Erebonaster, Ergasillus, Pseudanthessius, Clavella, Nemesis, Pontoeciella, Trebius, Acidicola, Notodelphys, Doropygus, Penella, Lepeophtherius, Samnicola, Branchiella.
SUBCLASS OSTRACODA (5 ORDERS IN 2 SUPERORDERS)
Cypridina, Euphyllomedes, Eusarsiella, Pyrocypris, Gigantocypris, Skogsbergia, Vargula, Conchoecia, Polycope.
Cypris, Candona, Celtia, Darwinula, Limnocythre, Cytherella, Sclerocypris, Manawa, Bairdia, Bythocypris.
CLASS TRILOBITA (9 ORDERS)
Olenellus, Bristolia, Gabriellus, Peachella, Callavia, Fallotaspis, Balcoracania, Richterops, Emuella, Redlichia, Eops, Paradoxides, Anopolenus.
Agnostus, Pagetia, Condylopyge, Ekwipagetia, Peronopsis, Lejopyge, Pleuroctenium, Dawsonia, Tsunydiscus.
Polypleuaspis, Dorypyge, Fieldaspis, Bumastus, Scutellum, Mansuyia, Dysplanus, Bathyuriscus, Zacanthroides, Lancastria, Oryctocephalus, Thoracocare, Kolihapeltis, Harpillaenus, Szechuanella.
Arctinurus, Dicranopeltis, Kettneraspis, Damesella, Selenopeltis, Boedaspis, Miraspis, Dicranurus, Stelckaspis, Drepanura, Palaeadotes.
Modocia, Elrathia, Ellipsocephalus, Tricrepicephalus, Olenus, Densonella, Asaphiscus, Conocoryphe, Cedaria, Peltura, Triarthrus, Leptoplastus, Balnibarbi.
Harpes, Entomaspis, Dolichoharpes, Harpides, Eoharpes.
Phacops, Calymene, Cheiurus, Reedops, Dalmanites, Rhenops, Comura, Trimerus, Huntonia, Acastes, Comura, Philonyx, Odontochile, Odontocephalus, Bavarilla, Parahomalonotus, Placoparia, Deiphon.
Isotelus, Housia, Asaphus, Cyclopyge, Cryptolithus, Dikelokephalus, Remopleurides, Lachnostoma, Pterocephalia, Ogygiocaris, Dikelokephalina, Saukia, Opipeuter, Robergia, Novakella, Nileus, Pricyclopyge, Neoasaphus, Ogygiocaris, Labiostria, Ampyx, Taklamakania, Glyphaspis, Seleneceme.
Comuproteus, Cyphoproteus, Aulacopleura, Goniotelus, Phillipsia, Otarion, Bathyurus, Gerastos, Phaetonellus, Telephinus, Carolinites, Uromystrum, Cordania, Brachymetopus.
CLASS PENTASTOMATIDA (2 ORDERS)
Pentastomum, Reighardia, Cephalobaena, Porocephalus, Armillifer, Linguatula, Waddycephalus.
This page is maintained by Jack R. Holt. Last modified: 04/22/08.