ANIMAL KINGDOM
| TAXA OF LIFE | ANIMAL KINGDOM |
| TAXONOMY OF THE ECDYSOZOA |
The Ecdysozoa chiefly are united by the tendency to molt or cast off the outer covering, a process called ecdysis from which the name of the group stems (Aguinaldo et al. 1997; and Valentine 2004). Thus, they do not have ciliary fields over the outside of the body, nor do they tend to have ciliary feeding mechanisms. Many have lost the true coelom and have become blastocoelic. Valentine (2004) suggests that another synapomorphic character is direct development or development in which larvae are similar in general form to the mature adult.
Note that there is no overall agreement on the existence of this clade. Telford (2004) and Philip et al. (2005) suggest that molecular sequences other than SSU rRNA yield a very different picture of the bilaterians. In particular, The Ecdysozoa is not supported. Indeed, they present groupings based on types of body cavities like the old system established by Hyman (1940). Furthermore, they suggest a relationship between the arthropods and the vertebrates.
Please consult The Major Clades of the Animal Kingdom for some views on the relationships of the protostome phyla with each other and with the other phyla of protostomes.
CLASS KINORHYNCHIDA
Cateria, Centroderes, Echinoderes, Echoinoderella, Kinorhynchus, Neocentrophyes, Pycnophyes.
CLASS LORICIFERIDA
Armorloricus, Nanaloricus, Pliciloricus.
CLASS NEMATOMORPHIDA (2 ORDERS)
Chordotes, Gordius, Paragordius, Nectonema.
CLASS ADENOPHOREA (APHASMIDA; 12 ORDERS)
Desmodora, Dioctophyme, Monhystera, Enoplus, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Trichuris.
CLASS SECERNENTEA (PHASMIDA; 8 ORDERS)
Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Gnathostoma, Dracunculus, Filaria, Camallanus, Wuchereria.
CLASS SETICORONARIA (1 ORDER)
Tubiluchus, Meiopriapulus.
CLASS PRIAPULIDA (1 ORDER)
Acanthopriapulus, Priapulus, Halicryptus, Priapulopsis, Maccabeus.
PANARTHROPOD CLADE
CLASS CHELICERATA
SUBCLASS MEROSTOMATA (2 ORDERS; 1 EXTANT ORDER)
Limulus, Carcinoscorpius, Tachypleus.
Eurypterus, Pterygotus.
SUBCLASS ARACHNIDA (11 ORDERS)
Aponomma, Argas, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Ornithodorus, Zeroseius, Demodex, Halotydeus, Penthaleus, Scirus, Tydeus, Acanthophrynus, Damon, Heterophrynus, Stegophrynus, Tarantula, Hepathela, Liphistius, Cyclocosmia, Ummidia, Atypus, Acanthoscurria, Aphonopelma, Diplura, Loxosceles, Argyrodes, Episinus, Latrodectus, Ulesanus, Hyptiotes, Nephila, Uloborus, Araneus, Argiope, Cyrtophora, Mastophora, Pasilobus, Zygiella, Dolichognatha, Eucta, Leucauge, Meta, Pachygnatha, Clubiona, Erigone, Dicymbium, Linyphia, Agelena, Coelotes, Argyroneta, Lycosa, Pardosa, Pirata, Dolomedes, Pisaura, Oxyopes, Thomisus, Xysticus, Heteropoda, Portia, Salticus, Dinopis, Scytodes, Caddo, Leiobunum, Trogulus, Allokoenenia, Eukoeninia, Koeninia, Leptokoeninia, Prokoeninia, Chelifer, Chitrella, Chthonius, Dinocheirus, Garypus, Menthus, Pseudogarypus, Cryptocellus, Pseudocellus, Ricinoides, Agastoschizomus, Megaschizomus, Nyctalops, Protoschizomus, Schizomus, Androctonus, Bothriurus, Buthus, Centuroides, Chaerilus, Diplocentrus, Hadrurus, Hemiscorpion, Nebo, Parabuthus, Paruroctonus, Tityus, Vaejovis, Biton, Branchia, Dinorhax, Galeodes, Solpuga, Abaliella, Chajnus, Mastigoproctus, Charinus, Thelyphonus, Miranda, Latrodectus, Eremobates, Galeodes, Phalangium, Leioburnum, Trombicula.
CLASS PYCNOGONIDA (1 ORDER)
Acheilia, Ascorhynchus, Austrodecus, Colossendeis, Delcopoda, Nymphon, Nymphopsis, Pycnogonum, Tanystylum.
CLASS REMIPEDIA (1 ORDER)
Cryptocorynectes, Godzillus, Lasionectes, Pleomothra, Speleonectes.
CLASS CEPHALOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Hampsonellus, Hutchinsoniella, Lightiella, Sandersiella.
CLASS BRANCHIOPODA (3 ORDERS)
Artemia, Brancionecta, Branchiella, Streptocephalus, Eubranchipus, Triops, Lepidurus, Lynceus, Cyzicus, Eulimnadia, Imnadia, Metalimnadia, Cyclestheria, Anchistropus, Daphnia, Moina, Polyphemus, Leptodora, Bosmina, Chydorus.
CLASS MALACOSTRACA
SUBCLASS PHYLLOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Dahlella, Levinebalia, Nebalia, Nebaliella, Nebaliopsis, Paranebalia.
SUBCLASS EUMALACOSTRACA (13 ORDERS IN 4 SUPERORDERS)
Anaspides, Paranaspides, Koonunga, Bathynella, Thermobathynella
Thermosbaena, Monodella, Spelaeogriphus, Mysis, Neomysis, Gnathophausia, Cumopsis, Leptocuma, Diastylis, Cyclaspis, Aspeudes, Sphyrapus, Tanais, Heterotanais, Oniscus, Porcellio, Armadillidium, Ligyda, Asellus, Idotea, Arcturus, Gnathia, Cymnothoa, Bathynomus, Ione, Liriopsis, Phreatoicus, Gammarus, Hyallela, Orchestia, Caliopius, Siphonectes, Hyperia, Caprella, Ingolfiella.
Euphausia, Meganyctiphanes, Nyctiphanes, Lucifer,Penaeus, Crangon, Heterocarpus, Stenopus, Callianidea, Callianassa, Polyonyx, Callinectes, Uca, Neopanopeus, Cambarus, Cambarellus, Homarus, Clibanarius, Emerita, Sesarma.
Squilla, Echinosquilla, Gonodactylus, Hemisquilla, Lysiosquilla, Pseudosquilla, Coronida, Odontodactylus.
CLASS MAXILLOPODA
SUBCLASS THECOCOSTRACA (CIRRIPEDIA) (4 ORDERS)
Conchoderma, Lepas, Balanus, Mitella, Tripetesa, Baccalaureus, Dendrogaster, Ascothorax, Laura, Sacculina, Synagoga, Zoanthoecus, Briarsaccus, Loxothylacus, Hansenocaris, Cryptophialis, Typetesa, Heterosaccus, Lernaeodiscus, Mycetomorpha, Peltogaster, Sylon, Chthamalus, Coronula, Pollicipes, Tetraclita, Verruca,
SUBCLASS TANTULOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Basipodella, Doeterthron, Microdajus.
SUBCLASS BRANCHIURA (1 ORDER)
Argulus, Chonopeltis, Dipteropeltis, Dolops.
SUBCLASS PENTASTOMIDA (See PHYLUM PENTASTOMA)
SUBCLASS MYSTACOCARDIA (1 ORDER)
Ctenocheilocaris, Derocheilocaris.
SUBCLASS COPEPODA (10 ORDERS IN 2 INFRACLASSES)
Antrisocopia, Platycopia.
Calanus, Diaptomus, Eucalanus, Euchaeta, Metridia, Calocalanus, Cyclops, Eucyclops, Lernaea, Mesocyclops, Metacyclops, Notodelphis, Gelyella, Harpacticus, Elaphoidella, Epactophanes, Longipedia, Monstrilla, Peltidium, Porcellidium, Psammus, Sunaristes, Tisbe, Boxshallia, Misophrya, Monstrilla, Stilloma, Mormonilla, Chondracanthus, Erebonaster, Ergasillus, Pseudanthessius, Clavella, Nemesis, Pontoeciella, Trebius, Acidicola, Notodelphys, Doropygus, Penella, Lepeophtherius, Samnicola, Branchiella.
SUBCLASS OSTRACODA (5 ORDERS IN 2 SUPERORDERS)
Cypridina, Euphyllomedes, Eusarsiella, Pyrocypris, Gigantocypris, Skogsbergia, Vargula, Conchoecia, Polycope.
Cypris, Candona, Celtia, Darwinula, Limnocythre, Cytherella, Sclerocypris, Manawa, Bairdia, Bythocypris.
SUBCLASS PENTASTOMATIDA (2 ORDERS)
Pentastomum, Reighardia, Cephalobaena, Porocephalus, Armillifer, Linguatula, Waddycephalus.
CLASS ELLIPURA (2 ORDERS)
Entomobrya, Achorutes.
Acerentulus.
CLASS DIPLURATA (1 ORDER)
Campodea, Japyx.
CLASS INSECTA
SUBCLASS ARCHAEOGNATHA (1 ORDER)
SUBCLASS ZYGOENTOMA (1 ORDER)
Lepisma, Thermobia.
SUBCLASS PTERYGOTA (30 ORDERS)
Gryllus, Anisomorpha, Periplaneta, Stagomomantis, Tetrix, Microcentrum, Gryllotalpa, Forficula, Perla, Pteronarcys, Reticulotermes, Kalotermes, Macrotermes, Embia, Pararhagadochir, Gynembia, Gomphus, Anax, Libellula, Lestes, Agrion, Argia, Ephemera, Hexagenia, Potamanthus, Baetis, Menopon, Goniodes, Trichodectes, Pediculus, Phthirius, Psocus, Psocathropos, Trogium, Atropos, Hercothrips, Heliothrips, Thrips, Zorotypus, Leptocoris, Murgantia, Pangaeus, Eurygaster, Nezara, Anasa, Blissus, Corythucha, Phymata, Arilus, Nabis, Cimex, Orius, Lygus, Halticus, Gerris, Gelastocoris Ranatra, Lethocerus, Notonecta, Arctocorixa, Scolops, Magicicada, Ceresa, Aphrophora, Graphocephala, Oncometopia, Paratrioza, Trialeurodes, Myzus, Pseudococcus, Icerya, Lepidosaphes.
Panorpa, Bittacus, Hydropsyche, Helicopsyche, Rhyacophila, Goera, Corydalus, Chrysopa, Myrmeleon, Coleophora, Tinea, Tineola, Plutella, Sanninoidea, Gnorimoschema, Carpocapsa, Polychrosis, Archips, Pyrausta, Loxostege, Hypsopygia, Crambus, Diatraea, Plodia, Thridopteryx, Estigmene, Hyphantria, Catocala, Trichoplusia, Agrotis, Heliothis, Datana, Hemerocampa, Protoparce, Alsophila, Synchlora, Malacosoma, Samia, Tropaea, Proteides, Polites, Iphiclides, Colias, Danaus, Minois, Vanessa, Phycoides, Lycaenopsis, Lycaena, Atlides, Cicendela, Calosoma, Harpalus, Dytiscus, Dineutes, Hydrophilus, Silpha, Paederus, Hister, Calopteron, Photinus, Chauliognathus, Enoclerus, Agriotes, Chrysobothris, Dermestes, Adalia, Mordellistena, Epicauta, Alobates, Tribolium, Lyctus, Amphicerus, Ptinus, Canthon, Phyllophaga, Popilius, Pseudoleucanus, Saperda, Leptinotarsa, Altica, Callosobruchus, Cylas, Pulex, Ctenocephalides, Xenosylla, Tipula, Aedes, Simulium, Tendipes, Phytophaga, Stratiomys, Tabanus, Chrysops Rhagio, Bombylius, Asilus, Diploneura, Drosophila, Liriomyza, Musca, Oestrus, Sarcophaga, Xenos, Stylops, Caliroa, Tremex, Megarhyssa, Macrocentrus, Torymus, Harmolita, Trichogramma, Scelio, Pelecinus, Formica, Campototus, Pepsis, Polistes, Bembix, Colletes, Halictus, Bombus, Apis.
CLASS DIPLOPODA (10 ORDERS IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
Polyxenus, Glomeridesmus, Glomeris, Platydesmus, Striaria, Polydesmus, Julus, Spirobolus.
CLASS PAUROPODA (1 ORDER)
Pauropus.
CLASS CHILOPODA (5 ORDERS IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
Scutigera, Lithobius, Geophilus, Scolopendra.
CLASS SYMPHYLA (1 ORDER)
Scutigerella.
CLASS TRILOBITA (9 ORDERS)
Olenellus, Bristolia, Gabriellus, Peachella, Callavia, Fallotaspis, Balcoracania, Richterops, Emuella, Redlichia, Eops, Paradoxides, Anopolenus.
Agnostus, Pagetia, Condylopyge, Ekwipagetia, Peronopsis, Lejopyge, Pleuroctenium, Dawsonia, Tsunydiscus.
Polypleuaspis, Dorypyge, Fieldaspis, Bumastus, Scutellum, Mansuyia, Dysplanus, Bathyuriscus, Zacanthroides, Lancastria, Oryctocephalus, Thoracocare, Kolihapeltis, Harpillaenus, Szechuanella.
Arctinurus, Dicranopeltis, Kettneraspis, Damesella, Selenopeltis, Boedaspis, Miraspis, Dicranurus, Stelckaspis, Drepanura, Palaeadotes.
Modocia, Elrathia, Ellipsocephalus, Tricrepicephalus, Olenus, Densonella, Asaphiscus, Conocoryphe, Cedaria, Peltura, Triarthrus, Leptoplastus, Balnibarbi.
Harpes, Entomaspis, Dolichoharpes, Harpides, Eoharpes.
Phacops, Calymene, Cheiurus, Reedops, Dalmanites, Rhenops, Comura, Trimerus, Huntonia, Acastes, Comura, Philonyx, Odontochile, Odontocephalus, Bavarilla, Parahomalonotus, Placoparia, Deiphon.
Isotelus, Housia, Asaphus, Cyclopyge, Cryptolithus, Dikelokephalus, Remopleurides, Lachnostoma, Pterocephalia, Ogygiocaris, Dikelokephalina, Saukia, Opipeuter, Robergia, Novakella, Nileus, Pricyclopyge, Neoasaphus, Ogygiocaris, Labiostria, Ampyx, Taklamakania, Glyphaspis, Seleneceme.
Comuproteus, Cyphoproteus, Aulacopleura, Goniotelus, Phillipsia, Otarion, Bathyurus, Gerastos, Phaetonellus, Telephinus, Carolinites, Uromystrum, Cordania, Brachymetopus.
CLASS ONYCHOPHORIDA (1 ORDER)
Peripatus, Peripatoides, Eoperipatus, Opisthopatus, Paraperipatus, Peripatopsis, Ooperipatus, Speleoperipatus.
CLASS TARDIGRADIDA (3 ORDERS)
Archechiniscus, Batillipes, Echinoscoides, Echiniscus, Hypisibius, Macrobiotus, Milnesium, Pseudoechiniscus, Thermozodium.
LITERATURE CITED
Aguinaldo, A. M. A., J. M. Turbeville, L. S. Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff, and J. A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature. 387:489-493.
Hyman, L. H. 1940. The Invertebrates. Volume 1, Protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York and London.
Philip, G. K., C. J. Creevey, and J. O, McInerney. 2005. The opithokonta and ecdysozoa may not be clades: stronger support for the grouping of plant and animal than for animal and fungi and stronger support for the coelomata than edysozoa. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22(5):1175-1184.
Telford, M. J. 2004. Animal phylogeny: Back to the Coelomata? Current Biology. 14: R274-R276.
Valentine, J. W. 2004. The Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 614 pp.
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By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 02/03/2009 |