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REFERENCES FOR THE KINGDOM FUNGI

Search for these on the SU Library web page: http://www.susqu.edu/library/

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Agrios, G. N. 1988. Plant Pathology. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.

Alexopoulos, C.J. and C.W. Mims. 1979. Introductory Mycology. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York.

Alexopoulos, C. J., C. W. Mims, and M. Blackwell. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York. pp. 868.

Ahmadjian, V. 1967. The Lichen Symbiosis. Blaisdell Publishing Company. Waltham. Mass.

Baldauf, S. L., and J. D. Palmer. 1993. Animals and Fungi are Each Other's Closest Relatives: Congruent Evidence Form Multiple Proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 90:11558-11562.

Baldauf, S. L. 1999. A search for the origins of animals and fungi: Comparing and combining molecular data. American Natruralist 154 Supplement:S178-S188.

Baldauf, S. L., A. J. Roger, I. Wnek-Siefert, and W. F. Doolittle. 2000. A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data. Science 290: 972-977.

Bandoni, R.J. 1995. Dimorphic Heterobasidiomycetes: Taxonomy and Parasitism. Stud. Mycol. 38: 13-27.

Barnett, J. A., R. W. Payne, and D. Yarrow. 1990. Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Barr, D.J.S. 1990. Chytridiomycota. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; The Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 454-466.

Barr, D. J. S. 1992. Evolution and Kingdoms of Organisms From the Perspective of a Mycologist. Mycologia 84:1-11.

Benjamin, D.R. 1995. Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.

Berbee, M.L., D. Carmean, and K. Winka. 2000. Ribosomal DNA and Resolution of Branching Order among the Ascomycota: How Many Nucleotides Are Enough? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17(3): 337-344.

Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 1992a. Convergence in Ascospore Discharge Mechanism Among Pyrenomycete Fungi Based on 18S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequence. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 1:59-71.

Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 1992b. Two Ascomycete Classes Based on Fruiting-Body Characters and Ribosomal DNA Sequence. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:278-284.

Berbee, M.L. and J.W. Taylor. 1993. Dating the Evolutionary Radiations of the True Fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71: 1114-1127.

Bessey, E.A. 1950. Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi. The Blakiston Company. Philadelphia.

Boekhout, T., J.W. Fell, and K. O''Donnell. 1995. Molecular Systematics of Some Yeast-like Anamorphs Belonging to the Ustilaginales and Tilletiales. Stud. Mycol. 38: 175-183.

Boekhout, T., A. Fonseca, J. -P. Sampaio, and W.I. Golubev, 1993. Classification of Heterobasidiomycetous Yeasts: Characteristics and Affiliation of Genera to Higher Taxa of Heterobasidiomycetes. Can. J. Microbiol. 39: 276-290.

Bold, H.C., C.J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas. 1987. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. 5th Ed. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. New York.

Bowman, B., J.W., A.G. Brownlee, J Lee, Shi-Da Lu, and T.J. White. 1992. Molecular Evolution of the Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 9:285-296.

Bruns, T. D., T. J. White, and J. W. Taylor. 1991. Fungal Molecular Systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22:525-564.

Bruns, T. D., R. Vilgalys, S. M. Barns, D. Gonzalez, D. S. Hibbett, D. J. Lane, L. Simon, S. Stickel, T. M. Szaro, W. G. Weisburg, and M. L. Sogin. 1992. Evolutionary Relationships Within the Fungi: Analysis of Nuclear Small Subunit rRNA Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1:231 241.

Buller, A.H.R. 1909-1934. Researches on Fungi (6 vols.) Longmans, Green and Co. London.

Carroll, G.C., and D.T. Wicklow. 1992. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem. Marcel Deker, Inc., New York.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine? BioSystems. 14: 461-481.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1983. A Six-Kingdom Classification and a Unified Phylogeny. In: Schenk, H.E.A. and W.S. Schwemmler, eds. Endocytobiology II. de Gruyter, Berlin. pp. 1027-1034.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1987. The Origin of Fungi and Pseudofungi. Pp. 339-353. In: Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi. A. D. M. Rayner, C. M. Brasier, and D. Moore. Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U K.

Cole, G. T., and B. Kendrick. 1981. Biology of Conidial Fungi. Academic Press, New York.

Cooke, R.C., and J.M. Whipps. 1993. Ecophysiology of Fungi. Blackwell Scientific Pub., London, U.K.

Copeland, H.F. 1956. Classification of the Lower Organisms. Pacific Books. Palo Alto, Calif.

DePriest, P.T. 1995. Multiple Origins of Lichen Symbioses in Fungi Suggested by SSU rDNA Phylogeny. Science. 268: 1492-1495.

Dix, N.J., and J.W. Webster. 1995. Fungal Ecology. Capman and Hall. London, U.K.

Eriksson O.E., ed. 1999. Outline of Ascomycota - 1999. - Myconet 3: 1-88.

Eriksson O.E. and D. L. Hawksworth. 1998. Outline of the Ascomycetes - 1998. - Systema Ascomycetum 16: 83-296.

Eriksson O.E. and K. Winka. 1998. Families and Higher Taxa of Ascomycota. - Myconet 1(2): 17-24.

Eriksson, O.E., H.-O. Baral, R.S. Currah, K. Hansen, C.P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold, and T. Laessøe. 2001. In: Outline of Fungi  2001.  Myconet Umeå, Umeå, University Sweden. http://www.umu.se/myconet/Myconet.html. pp 1-88.

Fell, J.W. 1993. Basidiomycetous Yeasts: Traditional Systematic and Molecular Techniques - in Conflict or in Harmony? In: The Fungal Holomorph, Reynolds, D.R. and Taylor, J.W. (eds.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Fell, J.W., T. Boekhout, and D.W. Freshwater. 1995. The Role of Nucleotide Sequence Analysis in the Systematics of the Yeast Genera Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula. Stud. Mycol. 38: 129-147.

Fischer, D.W. and A.E. Bessette. 1992. Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.

Gargas, A., P.T. DePriest, M. Grube, and A. Tehler. 1995. Multiple Origins of Lichen Symbioses in Fungi Suggested by SSU rDNA. Phylogeny. Science. 268: 1492-1495.

Glass, N. L., and I. A. J. Lorimer. 1991. Ascomycete Mating Types. In: J. W. Bennett and L. L. Lasure, eds. More Gene Manipulations in Fungi. Academic Press, Orlando. pp. 193-216.

Griffin, D. 1993. Fungal Physiology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Liss. New York.

Groves, J.W. 1962. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada. Publication 1112. Research branch. Canada Department of Agriculture. Ottawa, Canada.

Hale, M.E. 1974. The Lichen Symbiosis. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London.

Hanlin, R.T. and M. Ulloa. 1979. Atlas of Introductory Mycology. Hunter Textbooks, Inc. Winston-Salem, NC.

Hass, H., T. N. Taylor, and W. Remy. 1994. Fungi from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert - Mycoparasitism. American Journal of Botany 81:29-37.

Hawker, L. E. 1971. The Physiology of Reproduction in Fungi. Hafner Publishing Co. New York.

Hawksworth, D. L. 1991. The Fungal Dimension of Biodiversity: Magnitude, Significance, and Conservation. Mycological Research 95:641-655.

Hawksworth D.L., P.M. Kirk, B.C. Sutton, and D.N. Pegler. 1995. Dictionary the Fungi. 8th Ed. - Wallingford (UK): International Mycological Institute CAB International.

Hibbett, D.S. and M. Binder. 2001. Evolution of Marine Mushrooms. Biol. Bull. 201: 319-322.

Hibbett, D.S., E.M. Pine, E. Langer, G. Langer, M.J. Donoghue. 1997. Evolution of Gilled Mushrooms and Puffballs Inferred From Ribosomal DNA Sequences. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 12002-12006.

Hudson, H.J. 1964. Kingdom Fungi. In: R.S.K. Barnes. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. pp. 89-109.

Huffman, D.M., L.H. Tiffany, and G. Knaphus. 1989. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Ingold, C.T. 1939. Spore Discharge in Land Plants. Oxford University Press, London, UK.

Ingold, C. T. 1965. Spore Liberation. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Ingold, C.T. 1991. A View of the Active Basidium in Heterobasidiomycetes. Mycol. Res. 95: 618-621.

Landvik, S., O. E. Eriksson, A. Gargas, and P. Gustafsson. 1993. Relationships of the Genus Neolecta (Neolectales ordo nov., Ascomycotina) Inferred from 18s rDNA Sequences. Syst. Ascomycetum 11:107-118.

Largent, D.L. 1977. How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I: Macroscopic Features. 2nd ed. Mad River Press. Eureka, CA.

Largent, D.L. and H.D. Thiers. 1977. How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus II: Field Identification of Genera. Mad River Press. Eureka, CA.

Largent, D.L., D. Johnson, and R. Watling. 1977. How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus III: Microscopic Features. Mad River Press. Eureka, CA.

Lincoff, G. 1981. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.

Liu, Y.J., S. Whelen, and B.D. Hall. 1999. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Ascomycetes: Evidence from an RNA Polymerase II Subunit. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16(12): 1799-1808.

Margulis, L. and K.V. Schwartz. 1982. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth.  W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.

Margulis, L. and K.V. Schwartz. 1988. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.

Margulis, L. and K.V. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.

McKnight, K. and V.B. McKnight. 1987. Mushrooms. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston.

McLaughlin, D.J. 1982. Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of Basidial and Basidiospore Development. In: Basidium and Basidiocarp. Wells, K. and Wells, E.K. (eds.) Springer-Verlag, New York.

McLaughlin, D.M., A. Beckett, and K.S. Yoon. 1985. Ultrastructure and Evolution of Ballistosporic Basidiospores. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 91: 253-271.

McLaughlin, D.J., E.M. Frieders, and Lü, Haisheng. 1995. A Microscopist's View of Heterobasidiomycete Phylogeny. Stud. Mycol. 38: 91-109.

Nagahama, T., H. Sato, M. Shimazu, and J. Sugiyama. 1995. Phylogenetic Divergence of the Entomophthoralean Fungi: Evidence from Nuclear 18S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences. Mycologia 87:203-209.

Nash, T.H., ed. 1996. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

Nishida, H; Ando, K; Ando, Y; Hirata, A; Sugiyama, J. 1995. Mixia osmundae: Transfer from the Ascomycota to the Basidiomycota based on Evidence from Molecules and Morphology. Canadian Journal of Botany. 73(suppl 1): S660-S666.

Nishida, H., and J. Sugiyama. 1994. Archiascomycetes: Detection of a Major New Linage within the Ascomycota. Mycoscience 35:361-366.

Oberwinkler, F. 1977. Das neue System der Basidiomyceten. In: Beiträge zur Biologie der niederen Pflanzen. Frey, H., Hurka, H., Oberwinkler, F. (eds.) G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

Oberwinkler, F. 1987. Heterobasidiomycetes with Ontogenetic Yeast-Stages - Systematic and Phylogenetic Aspects. Stud. Mycol. 30: 61-74.

Oberwinkler, F. and R. Bandoni. 1983. Trimorphomyces: a New Genus in the Tremellaceae. System. Appl. Microbiol. 4: 105-113.

Oberwinkler, F. and R. Bauer. 1989. The Systematics of Gasteroid, Auricularioid Heterobasidiomycetes. Sydowia 41: 224-256.

Pacioni, G. 1981. Simon and Schuster's Guide to Mushrooms. G. Lincoff, ed. Simon and Schuster, Inc. New York.

Patterson, D.J. 1999. The Diversity of Eukaryotes. The American Naturalist.154(supplement): S96-S124.

Phillips, R. 1991. Mushrooms of North America. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.

Prillinger, H., C. Dörfler, G. Laaser, and G. Hauska. 1990. A Contribution to the Systematics and Evolution of Higher Fungi: Yeast-types in the Basidiomycetes. Part III: Ustilago-type. Z. Mycol. 56: 251-278.

Prillinger, H., G. Deml, C. Dörfler, G. Laaser, and W. Lockau. 1991a. A Contribution to the Systematics and Evolution of Higher Fungi: Yeast-types in the Basidiomycetes. Part II: Microbotryum-type. Bot. Acta 104: 5-17.

Prillinger, H., G. Laaser, C. Dörfler, and K. Ziegler. 1991b. A Contribution to the Systematics and Evolution of Higher Fungi: Yeast-types in the Basidiomycetes Part IV: Dacrymyces-type, Tremella-type. Sydowia 43: 170-218.

Raju, N. B. 1992. Genetic Control of the Sexual Cycle in Neurospora. Mycol. Res. 96:241-262,.

Remy, W., T. N. Taylor, and H. Hass. 1994a. Early Devonian Fungi - a Blastocladalean Fungus with Sexual Reproduction. American Journal of Botany 81:690-702.

Remy, W., T. N. Taylor, H. Hass, and H. Kerp. 1994b. Four Hundred-Million-Year-Old Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 91:11841-11843.

Rodrigo, A. G., P. R. Bergquist, and P. I. Bergquist. 1994. Inadequate Support for an Evolutionary Link Between the Metazoa and the Fungi. Systematic Biology 43:578-584.

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Scagel, R.F., R.J. Bandoni, J.R. Maze, G.E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, and J.R. Stein. 1982. Nonvascular Plants, An Evolutionary Survey. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA.

Sherwood-Pike, M. A., and J. Gray. 1985. Silurian Fungal Remains: Probable Records of the class Ascomycota. Lethaia 18:1-20.

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Spatafora, J., and M. Blackwell. 1993. Molecular Systematics of Unitunicate Perithecial Ascomycetes. The Clavicipitales - Hypocreales Connection. Mycologia 85:912-922.

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Sugiyama, J., Fukagawa, M, Chiu, S.-W. and Komagata, K. 1985. Cellular Carbohydrate Composition, DNA Base Composition, Ubiquinone Systems, and Diazonium Blue B Color Test in the Genera Rhodosporidium, Leucosporidium, Rhodotorula and Related Basidiomycetous Yeasts. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 31: 519-550.

Swann, E.C. and J.W. Taylor 1993. Higher Taxa of Basidiomycetes: an 18S rRNA Gene Perspective. Mycologia 85: 923-936.

Swann, E.C. and J.W. Taylor. 1995. Phylogenetic Perspectives on Basidiomycete Systematics: Evidence from the 18S rRNA Gene. Canad. J. Bot. 73: S862-S868.

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Taylor, J. W., B. Bowman, M. L. Berbee, and T. J. White. 1993. Fungal Model Organisms: Phylogenetics of Saccharomyces, Aspergillus and Neurospora. Systematic Biology 42:440-457.

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Taylor, T. N., J. Galtier, B. J. Axsmith. 1994b. Fungi from the Lower Carboniferous of Central France. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 83:253-260.

Taylor, T. N., W. Remy, H. Hass, H. Kerp. 1995a. Fossil Arbuscular Mycorrhizae from the Early Devonian. Mycologia 87:560-573.

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Wainright, P.O., G. Hinkle, M.L. Sogin, and S.K. Stickel. 1993. The Monophyletic Origins of the Metazoa: An Unexpected Evolutionary Link with the Metazoa. Science 260: 340-343.

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This page maintained by Jack R. Holt.  Last modified: 04/03/04

 

Landmark papers in fungal phylogeny



This is a selected list of recent and other significant references dealing with basidiomycete phylogeny. Please inform me (fungi@duke.edu) of any serious ommissions, which I would be happy to include.


sections:
"Big picture" phylogeny of fungi and other eukaryotes
Glomalean (VAM) fungi
Chytrids and Zygomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Ascomycetes
Stramenopiles (oomycetes, labyrinthulids, thraustochytrids)
Mycetozoans (slime molds)


Big picture phylogeny of the fungi

Baldauf, S. L., A. J. Roger, I. Wnek-Siefert, and W. F. Doolittle. 2000. A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. Science 290: 972-977.

Baldauf, S. L., and J. D. Palmer. 1993. Animal and fungi are each other's closest relatives: Congruent evidence from multiple proteins. PNAS 90: 11558-11562.

Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 2001. Fungal molecular evolution: Gene trees and geologic time. pp 229-245 in: The Mycota VIIB Systematics and Evolution (D. J. McLaughlin, E. G. McLaughlin, and P. A. Lemke, eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Berbee, M.and J. W. Taylor. 1993. Dating the divergences of the major lineages of the Eumycota. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1114-1127.

Bhattacharya, D., Lutzoni, F., Reeb, V., Simon, D., Nason, J., Fernandez, F.  2000.  Widespread occurrence of spliceosomal introns in the rDNA genes of ascomycetes.  Molecular Biology and Evolution 17:1971-1984

Borchiellini, C., N. Boury-Esnault, J. Vacelet, and Y. L. Parco. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hsp70 sequences reveals the monophyly of Metazoa and specific phylogenetic relationships between animals and fungi. Mol Biol Evol 15: 647-655.

Bruns, T. D., R. Vilgalys, S. M. Barns, D. Gonzalez, D. S. Hibbett, D. J. Lane, L. Simon, S. Stickel, T. M. Szaro, and et al. 1992. Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: Analyses of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 1: 231-241.

Bruns, T., T. White, and J. Taylor. 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 525-564.

Doolittle, R. F., D. F. Feng, S. Tsang, G. Cho, and E. Little. 1996. Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock. Science 271: 470-477.

Edgell, D., S. Malik, and W. Doolittle. 1998. Evidence of independent gene duplications during the evolution of archaeal and eukaryotic family B DNA polymerases. Mol Biol Evol 15: 1207-1217.

Edman, J. C., J. A. Kovacs, H. Masur, D. V. Santi, H. J. Elwood, and M. L. Sogin. 1988. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 334: 519-522.

Gupta, RS. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of the 90 kD heat shock family of protein sequences and an examination of the relationship among animals, plants, and fungi species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 1063-1073.

Heckman, D. S., D. M. Geiser, B. R. Eidell, R. L. Stauffer, N. L. Kardos and S. B. Hedges. 2001. Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 293: 1129-1133.

Hibbett, D. S. 1992. Ribosomal RNA and fungal systematics. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan. 33: 533-556.

Hirt, R. P., J. John M. Logsdon, B. Healy, M. W. Dorey, W. F. Doolittle, and T. M. Embley. 1999. Microsporidia are related to Fungi: Evidence from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and other proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U. S. A. 96: 580-585.

Janbon, G; Rustchenko, EP; Klug, S; Scherer, S; Sherman, F. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of fungal cytochromes c. Yeast 13: 985-990, Aug 1997

Keeling, P. J., M. A. Luker, and J. D. Palmer. 2000. Evidence from beta-tubulin phylogeny that microsporidia evolved from within the fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17:23-31.

Keeling, P. J., M. A. Luker, and J. D. Palmer. 2000. Evidence from beta-tubulin phylogeny that microsporidia evolved from within the fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 23-31.

Keeling, P.and W. Doolittle. 1996. Alpha-tubulin from early-diverging eukaryotic lineages and the evolution of the tubulin family. Mol Biol Evol 13: 1297-1305.

Nagahama, T., H. Sato, M. Shimuzu, and J. Sugiyama. 1995. Phylogenetic divergence of the entomorphthoralean fungi: evidence from nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Mycologia 87: 203-209.

Paquin, B., M.-J. Laforest, L. Forget, I. Roewer, W. Zhang, J. Longcore, and B. F. Lang. 1997. The Fungal Mitochondrial Genome Project: evolution of fungal mitochondrial genomes and their gene expression. Curr. Genet. 31: 380-395.

Radford, A. 1993. A fungal phylogeny based upon orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. J. Mol. Evol. 36: 389-395.

Ragan, M. A., C. L. Goggin, R. J. Cawthorn, L. Cerenius, A. V. C. Jamieson, S. M. Plourd, T. G. Rand, K. Soderhall, R. R. Gutell.1996 A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence PNAS 93: 11907-11912.

Sugiyama, J. 1998. Relatedness, phylogeny, and evolution of the fungi. Mycoscience 39:487-511.

Tehler, A., J.S. Farris, D.L. Lipscomb, and M. Källersjo.  2000.  Phylogenetic analyses of the fungi based on large rDNA data sets.  Mycologia 92: 459-474.

Vandenkoornhuyse, P., S. L. Baldauf, C. Leyval, J. Straczek, and J. P W. Young. 2002. Extensive fungal diversity in plant roots. Science 295: 2051.

Wainright, P. O., G. Hinkle, M. L. Sogin, and S. K. Stickel. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi. Science 260: 340-342.

Glomalean (VAM) fungi phylogeny

Gehrig, H., A. Schuessler, and M. Kluge. 1996. Geosiphon pyriforme, a fungus forming endocytobiosis with Nostoc (Cyanobacteria) is an ancestral member of the glomales: Evidence by SSU rRNA analysis. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 43: 71-81.

Redecker, D., J. B. Morton, and T. D. Bruns. 2000. Ancestral lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 14: 276-284.

Redecker, D., R. Kodner, L. E. Graham.  2000. Glomalean fungi from the Ordivician.  Science 289:1920-1921.

Schuessler, A. 1999. Glomales SSU rRNA gene diversity. New Phytologist. 144: 205-207.

Schuessler, A., D. Schwarzott, and C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: Phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research. 105: 1413-1421.

Schuessler, A., H. Gehrig, D. Schwarzott, and C. Walker. 2001. Analysis of partial Glomales SSU rRNA gene sequences: Implications for primer design and phylogeny. Mycological Research. 105: 5-15.

Simon, L., L. Bousquet, R. C. Levesque, and M. Lalonde. 1993. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular plants. Nature 363: 67-69.

Chytrid and Zygomycete Phylogeny

Benny, G. L., and K. OíDonnell. 2000. Amoebidium parasiticum is a protozoan, not a Trichomycete. Mycologia 92:1133-1137.

James, T. Y., D. Porter, C. A. Leander, R. Vilgalys, and J. E. Longcore 2000. Molecular phylogenetics of the Chytridiomycota support the utility of ultrastructural data in chytrid systematics. Canad. J. Bot. 78: 336-350.

Jensen, A. B., A. Gargas, J. Eilenberg, and S. Rosendahl. 1998. Relationships of the insect-pathogenic order Entomophtorales (Zygomycota, Fungi) based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (SSU rDNA). Fungal Genet. Biol. 24:325-334.

Nagahama, T., H. Sato, M. Shimazu, and J. Sugiyama. 1995. Phylogenetic divergence of the entomophthoralean fungi: Evidence from nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Mycologia 87: 203-209.

O'Donnell, K., E. Cigelnik, and G. L. Benny. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among the Harpellales (Trichomycetes) and Kickxellales (Zygomycetes), two orders of Zygomycota that form regularly septate hyphae. Mycologia 90: 624-639.

O'Donnell, K., F. M. Lutzoni, T. J. Ward, and G. L. Benny . 2001. Evolutionary relationships among mucoralean fungi (Zygomycota): Evidence for family polyphyly on a large scale. Mycologia 93:286-296.

Tanabe Y, O'Donnell K, Saikawa M, Sugiyama J. 2000. Molecular Phylogeny of Parasitic Zygomycota (Dimargaritales, Zoopagales) Based on Nuclear Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2000 Aug;16(2):253-262.

Van Dover CL, and RW Lichtwardt. 1986. A new trichomycete commensal with a galatheid squat lobster from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Biol. Bull. 171:461-468.

Basidiomycete phylogeny

Bauer, R., D. Begerow, F. Oberwinkler, M. Piepenbring, and M. L. Berbee. 2001. Ustilaginomycetes. pp 57-84 in: The MycotaVIIB, Systematics and Evolution (D. J. McLaughlin, E. G. McLaughlin, and P. A. Lemke, eds).  Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Bauer, R., Oberwinkler, F., Vánky, K. 1997. Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1273-1314

Begerow, D; Bauer, R; Oberwinkler, F. 1997. Phylogenetic studies on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of smut fungi and related taxa. 1997. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 2045-2056.

Berres, M. E., L. J. Szabo, and D. J. McLaughlin. 1995. Phylogenetic relationship in auriculariaceous basidiomycetes based on 25S ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 87: 821-840.

Binder, M., and D. S. Hibbett. 2002. Higher level phylogenetic relationships of homobasidiomycetes inferred from four rDNA regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22:76-90.

Blanz, P.A., and M. Gottschalk. 1986. Systematic position of Septobasidium, Graphiola and other basidiomycetes as deduced on the basis of their 5S ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences. System. Appl. Microbiol. 8: 121-127.

Boidin, J., J. Mugnier, and R. Canales. 1998. Taxonomie moleculaire des Aphyllophorales. Mycotaxon 66: 445-491.

Hibbett, D. S., and R. G. Thorn. 2001. Basidiomycota: Homobasidiomycetes. Pp. 121-168 in: The Mycota, vol. VII part B, Systematics and Evolution (D. J. McLaughlin, E. G. McLaughlin, and P. A. Lemke, eds.). Springer Verlag.

Hibbett, D. S., E. M. Pine, E. Langer, G. Langer, and M. J. Donoghue. 1997. Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad.  Sci. USA 94:12002-12006.

Hibbett, D. S.and R. G. Thorne.  2000.  Basidiomycota: Homobasidiomycetes. Pp. in press In: The Mycota VII: Systematics and Evolution, ed. McLaughlin, D. S.

Matheny, P.B., Yajuan J. Liu, Joseph F. Ammirati, and Benjamin D. Hall. 2002. Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales). Am. J. Bot. 89:688-698.

McLaughlin, D.J., M.E. Berres and L.J. Szabo.  1995a.  Molecules and morphology in basidiomycete phylogeny.  Can. J. Bot. 73 (Suppl. 1):S684-S692.

Moncalvo, J. M., F. M. Lutzoni, S. A. Rehner, J. Johnson, and R. Vilgalys. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Syst. Biol. 49: 278-305.

Moncalvo, J. M., R. Vilgalys, S. A. Redhead, J. E. Johnson, T. Y. James, M. C. Aime, V. Hofstetter, S. J. W. Verduin, E. Larsson, T. J. Baroni, R. G. Thorn, S. Jacobsson, H. Clémençon, and O. K. Miller Jr. 2002. One hundred and seventeen clades of Euagarics. Mol. Phyl. Evol. In press.

Nakase, T., S. O. Suh, and M. Hamamoto.  1995.  Molecular systematic of ballistoconidium-forming yeasts.  Studies in Mycology 163-173.

Suh, S. O.and J. Sugiyama. 1994. Phylogeny among the basidiomycetous yeasts as inferred from molecular data. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 68: 67-71.

Swann, E. C.and J. W. Taylor. 1993. Higher taxa of basidiomycetes: an 18S rRNA gene perspective. Mycologia 85: 923-936.

Swann, E. C.and J. W. Taylor. 1995. Phylogenetic diversity of yeast-producing basidiomycetes. Mycol. Res. 99: 1205-1210.

Swann, E. C.and J. W. Taylor. 1995. Phylogenetic perspectives on basidiomycete systematics: Evidence from the 18S rRNA gene. Can. J. Bot. 73: S862-S868.

Swann, E. C.and J. W. Taylor. 1995. Toward a phylogenetic systematics of the basidiomycota: Integrating yeasts and filamentous basidiomycetes using 18S RRNA gene sequences. Studies in Mycology 147-161.

Swann, E.C., E.M. Frieders, and D.J. McLaughlin. 2001. Urediniomycetes. In McLaughlin, D.J., E.G. McLaughlin, and P.A. Lemke (eds.). The Mycota. VIIB. Systematics and Evolution. Springer Verlag. Pp. 37-56.

Walker, W. F.and W. F. Doolittle. 1982. Redividing the Basidiomycetes on the basis of 5S rRNA sequences. Nature 299: 723-724.

Ascomycete phylogeny

Berbee, M. L.and J. W. Taylor. 1992. Convergence in ascospore discharge mechanism among pyrenomycete fungi based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 1: 59-71.

Berbee, M. L.and J. W. Taylor. 1992. Two ascomycete classes based on fruiting-body characters and ribosomal DNA sequence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9: 278-284.

Berbee, M.L. 1998.  Loculoascomycete origins and evolution of filamentous ascomycete morphology based on 18S rRNA gene sequence data.  Molec. Biol. Evol. 13: 462-470.

Bowman, B. H., J. W. Taylor, and T. J. White. 1992. Molecular evolution of the fungi: Human pathogens. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9: 893-904.

Bowman, B. H., T. J. White, and J. W. Taylor. 1996. Human pathogenic fungi and their close nonpathogenic relatives. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 6: 89-96.

Eriksson, O.E., H.-O. Baral, R.S. Currah, K. Hansen, C.P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold, and T. Laessøe. 2001. pp 1-88: in Outline of Fungi ? 2001.  Myconet Umeå, Umeå, University Sweden. http://www.umu.se/myconet/Myconet.html.

Gargas, A., P. T. Depriest, M. Grube, and A. Tehler. 1995. Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science 268: 1492-1495.

Gargas, A.and J. W. Taylor. 1995. Phylogeny of discomycetes and early radiations of the apothecial ascomycotina inferred from SSU rDNA sequence data. Exp. Mycol. 19: 7-15.

Gernandt, D.S., J.L. Platt, J.K. Stone, J.W. Spatafora, A. Holst-Jensen, R.C. Hamelin, and L.M. Kohn.  2001.  Phylogenetics of Helotiales and Rhytismatales based on partial small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.  Mycologia 93: 915-933.

Holst-Jensen, A., L.M. Kohn, and T. Schumacher.  1997.  Nuclear rDNA phylogeny of the Sclerotiniaceae.  Mycologia 89: 885-899.

Kauff, F. and Lutzoni, F.  2002. Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (in press).

Liu, Y.J., S. Whelen, and B.D. Hall. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit.  Mol Biol Evol 16: 1799-1808.

Lumbsch, H. T., N. Wirtz, R. Lindemuth, I. Schmitt.  2002.  Higher level phylogenetic relationships of euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina) inferred from a combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data.  Mycological Progress 1:57-70.

Lutzoni, F., Pagel, M., Reeb, V.  2001.  Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors.  Nature 411:937-940.

Nishida, H., and J Sugiyama. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships among Taphrina, Saitoella, and other higher fungi. Mol Biol Evol 1993 10: 431-436.

Nishida, H., and J. Sygiyama. 1994. Archiascomycetes: Detection of a major new lineage within the ascomycota. Mycoscience 35: 361-366.

O'Donnell, K., E. Cigelnik, N. S. Weber, and J. M. Trappe. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetous truffles and the true and false morels inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Mycologia 89: 48-65.

Spatafora, J. W. 1995. Ascomal evolution among filamentous ascomycetes: evidence from molecular data. Canad. J. Bot. 73: S811-S815.

Spatafora, J. W., B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, and J. Kohlmeyer.  1998.  Independent  terrestrial origins of the Halosphaeriales (marine Ascomycota).  Am. J. Bot. 85: 1569-1580.Spatafora, J. W.and M. Blackwell. 1994. The polyphyletic origins of ophiostomatoid fungi. Mycol. Res. 98: 1-9

Spatafora, J. W.and M. Blackwell. 1993. Molecular systematics of unitunicate perithecial ascomycetes: The Clavicipitales-Hypocreales connection. Mycologia 85: 912-922.

Taylor, J. W. 1995. Making the Deuteromycota redundant: A practical integration of mitosporic and meiosporic fungi. Can. J. Bot. 73: S754-S759.

YJ Liu, S Whelen, and BD Hall. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit. Mol Biol Evol 1999 16: 1799-1808.

Phylogeny of the Stramenopiles

Cavalier-Smith, T., MTEP Allsop, and E.E. Chao. 1994. Thraustochytrids are chromists, not fungi: 18S rRNA signatures of heterokonta. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 339: 139-146.

Förster, H., M. D. Coffey, H. Elwood, and M. L. Sogin. 1990. Sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA of three zoosporic fungi and implications for fungal evolution. Mycologia 82: 306-312.

G Van der Auwera, R De Baere, Y Van de Peer, P De Rijk, I Van den Broeck, and R De Wachter. 1995. The phylogeny of the Hyphochytriomycota as deduced from ribosomal RNA sequences of Hyphochytrium catenoides. Mol Biol Evol 1995 12: 671-678

Hausner G. Belkhiri A. Klassen GR. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the hyphochytrid Rhizidiomyces apophysatus. Canadian Journal of Botany. 78:124-128.

Honda D; Yokochi T; Nakahara T; Raghukumar S; Nakagiri A; Schaumann K; Higashihara T. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of labyrinthulids and thraustochytrids based on the sequencing of 18S ribosomal RNA gene. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 46:637-47

Leipe, D. D., P. Wainright, J. H. Gunderson, D. Porter, D. J. Patterson, F. Valois, S. Himmerich, and M. L. Sogin. 1994. The stramenopiles from a molecular perspective: 16S like rRNA sequences from Labyrinthuloides minuta and Cafeteria roenbergensis. Phycologia 33: 369-377.

Saunders, G. W., D. Potter, and R. A. Anderson. 1997. Phylogenetic affinities of the Sarcinochrysidales and Chysomeridales (Heterokonta) based on analyses of molecular and combined data. J. Phycol. 33: 310318.

Mycetozoan phylogeny

Baldauf, S. L.and W. F. Doolittle. 1997. Origin and evolution of the slime molds (Mycetozoa). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U. S. A. 94: 12007-12012.